Clinical Endoscopy

The Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (대한소화기내시경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Surveillance for metachronous cancers after endoscopic resection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

  • Ryu Ishihara (Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute)
  • Received : 2023.10.10
  • Accepted : 2023.12.17
  • Published : 2024.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The literature pertaining to surveillance following treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was reviewed and summarized, encompassing the current status and future perspectives. Analysis of the standardized mortality and incidence ratios for these cancers indicates an elevated risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and lungs among patients with esophageal SCC compared to the general population. To enhance the efficacy of surveillance for these metachronous cancers, risk stratification is needed. Various factors, including multiple Lugol-voiding lesions, multiple foci of dilated vascular areas, young age, and high mean corpuscular volume, have been identified as predictors of metachronous SCCs. Current practice involves stratifying the risk of metachronous esophageal and head/neck SCCs based on the presence of multiple Lugol-voiding lesions. Endoscopic surveillance, scheduled 6-12 months post-endoscopic resection, has demonstrated effectiveness, with over 90% of metachronous esophageal SCCs treatable through minimally invasive modalities. Narrow-band imaging emerges as the preferred surveillance method for esophageal and head/neck SCC based on comparative studies of various imaging techniques. Innovative approaches, such as artificial intelligence-assisted detection systems and radiofrequency ablation of high-risk background mucosa, may improve outcomes in patients following endoscopic resection.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank Edanz (https://jp.edanz.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

References

  1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:394-424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492
  2. Lagergren J, Smyth E, Cunningham D, et al. Oesophageal cancer. Lancet 2017;390:2383-2396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31462-9
  3. Yamashina T, Ishihara R, Nagai K, et al. Long-term outcome and metastatic risk after endoscopic resection of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:544-551. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.8
  4. Kato K, Ito Y, Nozaki I, et al. Parallel-group controlled trial of surgery versus chemoradiotherapy in patients with stage I esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2021;161:1878-1886. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.007
  5. Ishihara R, Arima M, Iizuka T, et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection/endoscopic mucosal resection guidelines for esophageal cancer. Dig Endosc 2020;32:452-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.13654
  6. Kitagawa Y, Ishihara R, Ishikawa H, et al. Esophageal cancer practice guidelines 2022 edited by the Japan Esophageal Society: Part 1. Esophagus 2023;20:343-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10388-023-00993-2
  7. Iwai N, Dohi O, Yamada S, et al. Prognostic risk factors associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection: a multi-center cohort study. Surg Endosc 2022;36:2279-2289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-021-08502-1
  8. Ishihara R, Tanaka H, Iishi H, et al. Long-term outcome of esophageal mucosal squamous cell carcinoma without lymphovascular involvement after endoscopic resection. Cancer 2008;112:2166-2172. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23418
  9. Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium: clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer 1953;6:963-968. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q
  10. Yokoyama A, Ohmori T, Muramatsu T, et al. Cancer screening of upper aerodigestive tract in Japanese alcoholics with reference to drinking and smoking habits and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotype. Int J Cancer 1996;68:313-316. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19961104)68:3<313::AID-IJC8>3.0.CO;2-4
  11. Dresler CM, Leon ME, Straif K, et al. Reversal of risk upon quitting smoking. Lancet 2006;368:348-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69086-7
  12. Chuang SC, Hashibe M, Scelo G, et al. Risk of second primary cancer among esophageal cancer patients: a pooled analysis of 13 cancer registries. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17:1543-1549. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2876
  13. Chen SC, Teng CJ, Hu YW, et al. Secondary primary malignancy risk among patients with esophageal cancer in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study. PLoS One 2015;10:e0116384.
  14. Matsubara T, Yamada K, Nakagawa A. Risk of second primary malignancy after esophagectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4336-4341. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.12.074
  15. Delgado-Rodriguez M, Llorca J. Bias. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004;58:635-641. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.008466
  16. dos Santos SI. Cancer epidemiology: principles and methods. International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1999.
  17. Ohmori M, Ishihara R, Morishima T, et al. Excessive risk of second-cancer incidence and cancer mortality in patients with esophageal cancer. J Gastroenterol 2021;56:434-441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-021-01767-2
  18. Kato M, Ishihara R, Hamada K, et al. Endoscopic surveillance of head and neck cancer in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Endosc Int Open 2016;4:E752-E755. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-106720
  19. Katada C, Yokoyama T, Yano T, et al. Alcohol consumption and multiple dysplastic lesions increase risk of squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus, head, and neck. Gastroenterology 2016;151:860-869. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.040
  20. Kondo H, Fukuda H, Ono H, et al. Sodium thiosulfate solution spray for relief of irritation caused by Lugol's stain in chromoendoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:199-202. https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2001.110730
  21. Matsuno K, Ishihara R, Nakagawa K, et al. Endoscopic findings corresponding to multiple Lugol-voiding lesions in the esophageal background mucosa. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;34:390-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14439
  22. Kawakami Y, Ishihara R, Matsuno K, et al. Multiple foci of dilated vessels as a new predictor of metachronous esophageal cancer. Dig Endosc 2024;36:421-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.14657
  23. Azuma Y, Dohi O, Naito Y, et al. Blue laser imaging identifies endoscopic findings corresponding to metachronous esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Esophagus 2022;19:278-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10388-021-00894-2
  24. Maekawa A, Ishihara R, Iwatsubo T, et al. High incidence of head and neck cancers after endoscopic resection for esophageal cancer in younger patients. J Gastroenterol 2020;55:401-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-019-01653-y
  25. Katada C, Yokoyama T, Yano T, et al. Association between macrocytosis and metachronous squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus after endoscopic resection in men with early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Esophagus 2020;17:149-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10388-019-00685-w
  26. Kagemoto K, Urabe Y, Miwata T, et al. ADH1B and ALDH2 are associated with metachronous SCC after endoscopic submucosal dissection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2016;5:1397-1404. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.705
  27. Matsueda K, Ishihara R, Morishima T, et al. Impact of endoscopic surveillance on mortality of metachronous esophageal and head and neck cancer after esophageal endoscopic resection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;37:2098-2104. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15984
  28. Jiang D, Li X, Wang H, et al. A retrospective study of endoscopic resection for 368 patients with early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma or precancerous lesions. Surg Endosc 2017;31:2122-2130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-5208-z
  29. Oda I, Shimizu Y, Yoshio T, et al. Long-term outcome of endoscopic resection for intramucosal esophageal squamous cell cancer: a secondary analysis of the Japan Esophageal Cohort study. Endoscopy 2020;52:967-975. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1185-9329
  30. Suzuki Y, Kikuchi D, Hoteya S, et al. Effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for metachronous esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Digestion 2021;102:622-629. https://doi.org/10.1159/000510368
  31. Hsu MH, Wang WL, Chen TH, et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwan. BMC Gastroenterol 2021;21:308.
  32. Shinozaki T, Katada C, Shiga K, et al. Effectiveness of planned surveillance for detecting second primary head and neck cancers after endoscopic resection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2020;50:1162-1167. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyaa087
  33. Muto M, Minashi K, Yano T, et al. Early detection of superficial squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck region and esophagus by narrow band imaging: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1566-1572. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.25.4680
  34. Kawai T, Takagi Y, Yamamoto K, et al. Narrow-band imaging on screening of esophageal lesions using an ultrathin transnasal endoscopy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27 Suppl 3:34-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07068.x
  35. Ono S, Kawada K, Dohi O, et al. Linked color imaging focused on neoplasm detection in the upper gastrointestinal tract: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2021;174:18-24. https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-2561
  36. Kawada K, Arima M, Miyahara R, et al. Effect of adding magnifying BLI, magnifying NBI, and iodine staining to white light imaging in diagnosis of early esophageal cancer. Endosc Int Open 2021;9:E1877-E1885. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1583-9196
  37. Ogata Y, Hatta W, Koike T, et al. Blue light imaging and linked color imaging as a screening mode for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in high-risk patients: multicenter randomized trial. Dig Endosc 2023;35:835-844. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.14538
  38. Dubuc J, Legoux JL, Winnock M, et al. Endoscopic screening for esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma in high-risk patients: a prospective study conducted in 62 French endoscopy centers. Endoscopy 2006;38:690-695. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-925255
  39. Ide E, Maluf-Filho F, Chaves DM, et al. Narrow-band imaging without magnification for detecting early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:4408-4413. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i39.4408
  40. Yokoyama A, Ichimasa K, Ishiguro T, et al. Is it proper to use non-magnified narrow-band imaging for esophageal neoplasia screening? Japanese single-center, prospective study. Dig Endosc 2012;24:412-418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1443-1661.2012.01309.x
  41. Gruner M, Denis A, Masliah C, et al. Narrow-band imaging versus Lugol chromoendoscopy for esophageal squamous cell cancer screening in normal endoscopic practice: randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 2021;53:674-682. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1224-6822
  42. Nagami Y, Tominaga K, Machida H, et al. Usefulness of non-magnifying narrow-band imaging in screening of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective comparative study using propensity score matching. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:845-854. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2014.94
  43. Iwatsubo T, Ishihara R, Yamasaki Y, et al. Narrow band imaging under less-air condition improves the visibility of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2020;20:389.
  44. Yamasaki Y, Ishihara R, Hanaoka N, et al. Pethidine hydrochloride is a better sedation method for pharyngeal observation by transoral endoscopy compared with no sedation and midazolam. Dig Endosc 2017;29:39-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12746
  45. Iwatsubo T, Ishihara R, Nakagawa K, et al. Pharyngeal observation via transoral endoscopy using a lip cover-type mouthpiece. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;34:1384-1389. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14574
  46. Ohmori M, Ishihara R, Aoyama K, et al. Endoscopic detection and differentiation of esophageal lesions using a deep neural network. Gastrointest Endosc 2020;91:301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2019.09.034
  47. Ishihara R, Takeuchi Y, Chatani R, et al. Prospective evaluation of narrow-band imaging endoscopy for screening of esophageal squamous mucosal high-grade neoplasia in experienced and less experienced endoscopists. Dis Esophagus 2010;23:480-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2050.2009.01039.x
  48. Luo H, Xu G, Li C, et al. Real-time artificial intelligence for detection of upper gastrointestinal cancer by endoscopy: a multicentre, case-control, diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol 2019;20:1645-1654. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30637-0
  49. Waki K, Ishihara R, Kato Y, et al. Usefulness of an artificial intelligence system for the detection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma evaluated with videos simulating overlooking situation. Dig Endosc 2021;33:1101-1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.13934
  50. Chen Z, Dou L, Liu Y, et al. Combination of endoscopic resection and radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell neoplasia with multiple lugol-voiding lesions. Front Oncol 2021;11:786015.