Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology (한국응용과학기술학회지)

The Korean Society of Applied Science and Technology (한국응용과학기술학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate Leaf Extract

석류 잎 추출물의 항염 및 항산화 활성

  • Yu-Jeong Choi (Department of Biological Enginerring, Graduate School of Konkuk University) ;
  • Jeong-Wook Jo (Department of Biological Enginerring, Graduate School of Konkuk University) ;
  • Hyung-Joo Kim (Department of Biological Enginerring, Graduate School of Konkuk University)
  • 최유정 (건국대학교 생물공학과) ;
  • 조정욱 (건국대학교 생물공학과) ;
  • 김형주 (건국대학교 생물공학과)
  • Received : 2024.05.23
  • Accepted : 2024.06.18
  • Published : 2024.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum) leaves and to explore the potential of pomegranate leaf extract as an anti-aging cosmetic ingredient. The ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of pomegranate leaf (EFP) was assessed for its total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, as well as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The beneficial components and skin improvement potential of pomegranate leaves were investigated. The results showed that the total polyphenol content of EFP was 871.6±16.3 mg gallic acid/g, and the flavonoid content was 36.6±0.3 mg quercetin/g. In the ABTS radical scavenging assay, EFP exhibited a dose-dependent antioxidant activity with an EC50 value of 24.62±0.48 ㎍/mL. In the skin cell cytotoxicity assay, EFP demonstrated high cell viability at concentrations below 50 ㎍/mL, indicating minimal cytotoxicity. In the nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition assay, EFP effectively inhibited NO production even at low concentrations, with near-complete inhibition at 6 ㎍/mL. These results suggest that EFP has the potential to be utilized as a natural cosmetic ingredient with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

본 연구에서는 석류의 항산화 및 항염 효과를 평가하고, 이를 통해 석류 잎 추출물이 항노화 화장품 소재로서 활용될 가능성을 확인하고자, 석류 잎 에탄올 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획물(Ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of Punica granatum leaf : EFP)의 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량, 항염 및 항산화 활성을 평가하여, 석류 잎의 유익한 성분과 피부 개선 가능성을 탐구하였다. 실험 결과 EFP의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 871.6±16.3 mg gallic acid/g, 플라보노이드 함량은 36.6±0.3 mg quercetin/g으로 나타났다. ABTS 라디칼 소거활성을 평가에서는 EFP가 농도 의존적으로 항산화능을 보였고, EC50 수치는 24.62±0.48㎍/mL로 나타났다. 피부 세포독성 실험에서 EFP는 50㎍/mL 이하 농도에서 높은 세포생존율을 보였으며, 이는 세포 독성이 거의 없음을 시사한다. NO 생성 억제 실험에서는 EFP가 낮은 농도에서도 효과적으로 NO 생성을 억제하였으며, 6㎍/mL 농도에서 거의 완전히 억제되었다. 이러한 결과는 항산화와 항염 효과를 지닌 천연 화장품 소재로 활용 가능성을 기대할 수 있다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 산림청의 산림기반 사회문제해결 실증기술개발(R&D) 사업(과제번호: 2022431B10-2324-0802)과, 농촌진흥청의 농업정책지원기술개발사업(과제번호: PJ0161852023)의 지원에 의하여 연구되었습니다. 이에 감사드립니다.

References

  1. H. Pratsinis, D. Kletsas, "Special Issue : Anti-Aging Properties of Natural Compounds", Cosmetics, Vol.6, No.4 pp. 67, (2019).
  2. D. Verhaegen, K. Smits, N. Osorio, A. Caseiro, "Oxidative Stress in Relation to Aging and Exercise", Encyclopedia, Vol.2, No.3 pp. 1545-1558, (2022).
  3. P. K. Mukherjee, N. Maity, N. K. Nema, B. K. Sarkar, "Bioactive compounds from natural resources against skin aging", Phytomedicine, Vol.19, No.1 pp. 64-73, (2011).
  4. D. J. Tobin, "Introduction to skin aging", Journal of tissue viability, Vol.26, No.1 pp. 37-46, (2017).
  5. H. J. Lee, Y. J. Hong, M. R. Kim, "Structural and functional changes and possible molecular mechanisms in aged skin", International journal of molecular sciences, Vol.22, No.22 pp. 12489, (2021).
  6. G. J. Fisher, S. Kang, J. Varani, Z. Bata-Csorgo, Y. Wan, S. Datta, J. J. Voorhees, "Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging", Archives of dermatology, Vol.138, No.11 pp. 1462-1470, (2002).
  7. A. Vierkotter, J. Krutmann, "Environmental influences on skin aging and ethnic-specific manifestations", Dermato-endocrinology, Vol.4, No.3 pp. 227-231, (2012).
  8. Y. S. Lee, Y. S. Bang, S. J. Seo, "Antiaging and Antioxidant Activity of Smilax china Roots Extract", Journal of Investigative Cosmetology, Vol.19, No.4 pp. 313-324, (2023).
  9. Y. U. Jeong, H. Lee, H. Park, K. M. Kim, S. Kim, Y. J. Park, "Studies on Antioxidant, Anti-inflammation and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Melissa officinalis Extracts and Their Fractions", Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea, Vol.44, No.4 pp. 465-475, (2018).
  10. E. D. Lephart. "Skin aging and oxidative stress: Equol's anti-aging effects via biochemical and molecular mechanisms", Ageing research reviews, Vol.31, pp. 36-54, (2016).
  11. H. Zhao, Z. Wang, F. Ma, X. Yang, C. Cheng, L. Yao. "Protective effect of anthocyanin from Lonicera caerulea var. edulis on radiation-induced damage in mice", International journal of molecular sciences, Vol.13, No.9 pp. 11773-11782, (2012).
  12. C. Franceschi, J. Campisi, "Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases", Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences, Vol.69, Suppl 1 pp. S4-S9, (2014).
  13. P. L. Minciullo, A. Catalano, G. Mandraffino, M. Casciaro, A. Crucitti, G. Maltese, G. Basile, "Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: the role of cytokines in extreme longevity", Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis, Vol.64, No.2 pp. 111-126, (2016).
  14. C. Franceschi, M. Bonafe, S. Valensin, F. Olivieri, M. De Luca, E. Ottaviani, G. De Benedictis, "Inflamm-aging: an evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence", Annals of the new York Academy of Sciences, Vol.908, No.1 pp. 244-254, (2000).
  15. S. N. Park, O. H. Lee, "Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Brachythecium populeum Extract", Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science, Vol.55, No.3 pp. 174-183, (2023).
  16. L. Zhang, Y. Gao, Y. Zhang, J. Liu, J. Yu, "Changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities in pomegranate leaves", Scientia Hortculturae, Vol.123, No.4 pp. 543-546, (2010).
  17. J. H. Koh, M. O. Hwang, J. S. Moon, S. Y. Hwang, J. Y. Son, "Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Activities of Pomegranate Seed Extracts", Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science, Vol.21, No.2 pp. 171-179, (2005).
  18. E. Shaygannia, M. Bahmani, B. Zamanzad, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. "A review study on Punica granatum L", Journal of evidence-based complementary & alternative medicine, Vol.21, No.3 pp. 221-227, (2016).
  19. S. Y. Jin, "Study on Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Different Parts of Korean and Iranian Pomegranates", Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, Vol.40, No.8 pp. 1063-1072, (2011).
  20. S. H. Kim, "A Literature Review about Physiological Activities of Ten Fruits presented in Buddhist Ritual", PhD thesis, Kyonggi University, (2021).
  21. B. K. Roh, J. Y. Kim, J. Y. Kim, "Antioxidant Activities of Punica granatum Extracts", Journal of the society of cosmetic scientists of korea, Vol.31, No.2 pp. 207-212, (2005).
  22. E. A. Kim, "The functional characteristics of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and Punica granatum L. as ingredients for beverage", PhD thesis, Dankook University, (2017).
  23. V. L. Singleton, R. Orthofer, R. M. Lamuela-Raventos, "Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagen", Methods in Enzymology, Vol.299, pp. 152-178, (1999).
  24. J. P. Cornard, J. C. Merlin, "Spectroscopic and structural study of complexes of quercetin with Al(III)", Journal of inorganic biochemistry, Vol.92, No.1 pp. 19-27, (2002).
  25. R. Re, N. Pellegrini, A. Proteggente, A. Pannala, M. Yang, C. Rice-Evans, "Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay", Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol.26, No.9-10 pp. 1231-1237, (1999).
  26. N. E. S. Urquiaga, F. Leighton, "Plant polyphenol antioxidants and oxidative stress", Biological research, Vol.33, No.2 pp. 55-64, (2000).
  27. S. O. Lee, H. J. Lee, M. H. Yu, H. G. Im, I. S. Lee, "Total Polyphenol Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extracts from Vegetables produced in Ullung Island", Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology, Vol.37, No.2 pp. 233-243, (2005).
  28. Y. H. Pyo, T. C. Lee, L. Logendra, R. T. Rosen, "Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cycla) extracts", Food chemistry, Vol.85, No.1 pp. 19-26, (2004).
  29. E. J. Kim, J. Y. Choi, M. R. Yu, M. Y. Kim, S. H. Lee, B. H. Lee, "Total polyphenols, total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Korean natural and medicinal plants", Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology, Vol.44, No.3 pp. 337-342, (2012).
  30. B. M. Kim, Y. E. Han, H. J. Lee, "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of the Agastache rugosa extract", Korean journal of food science and technology, Vol.49, No.3 pp. 331-337, (2017).
  31. J. H. Park, J. A. Lee, "Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin protective effects of the crude extract and its fractions from Suaeda australis", Journal of Health and Beauty, Vol.17, No.2 pp. 82-94, (2023).
  32. H. R. Kim, G. N. Park, B. K. Jung, W. J. Yoon, Y. H. Jung, K. S. Chang, "Antioxidant Activity of Solvent Fractions from Distylium racemosum in Jeju", Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science, Vol.48, No.2 pp. 62-67, (2016).
  33. S. Y. Choi, H. S. Cho, N. J. Sung, "The Antioxidative and Nitrite Scavenging Ability of Solvent Extracts from Wild Grape (Vitis Coignetiea) Skin", Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, Vol.35, No.8 pp. 961-966, (2006).
  34. K. S. Lee, J. C. Gim, S. M. Son, K. Y. Lee, "Antioxidative Effect of Suaeda japonica Ethanol Extract and Solvent Partitioned Fractions", Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, Vol.40, No.6 pp. 804-808, (2011).
  35. S. Y. Jin. "Antioxidant Activities of Solvent Extracts from Pomegranate Endocarp", Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, Vol.40, No.12 pp. 1635-1641, (2011).
  36. Y. Yamamoto, P. He, T. W. Klein, H. Friedman, "Endotoxin induced cytotoxicity of macrophages is due to apoptosis caused by nitric oxide production", Journal of Endotoxin Research, Vol.1, No.3 pp. 181-187, (1994).
  37. Y. J. Jo, J. S. Hyun, C. Y. Kim, N. H. Lee, "Anti-oxidative and Anti-inflammatory Constituents from the Extracts of Hydrangea macrophylla Flowers", Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology, Vol.37, No.5 pp. 1356-1365, (2020).
  38. J. M. Hyun, Y. J. Jo, Y. B. Kim, S. M. Park, K. S. Yoon, N. H.Lee, "Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of Flavonoids extracted from dendranthema indicum flowers in Jeju Island", Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology, Vol.36, No.4 pp. 1259-1267, (2019).
  39. S. S. Nam, K. S. Ko, "Antioxidants of apple leaf extract", Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology, Vol.37, No.5 pp. 1116-1124, (2020).