한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경 (Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment)

  • 제29권4호
  • /
  • Pages.12-20
  • /
  • 2024
  • /
  • 1598-6438(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2287-8831(eISSN)
한국지하수토양환경학회 (Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

지하수 내 중금속 모니터링을 위한 diffusive gradients in thin films의 적용 가능성 평가

Feasibility of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films for Monitoring Heavy Metals in Groundwater

  • Kyu-Young Shim (Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University) ;
  • Kwangjin Park (Daeil Engineering & Consulting Co.) ;
  • Seungwoo Lee (Daeil Engineering & Consulting Co.) ;
  • Jongmin Choi (Daeil Engineering & Consulting Co.) ;
  • Subin Choi (Daeil Engineering & Consulting Co.) ;
  • Jinsung An (Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University) ;
  • Kyoungphile Nam (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University)
  • 투고 : 2024.07.19
  • 심사 : 2024.08.16
  • 발행 : 2024.08.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) are passive sampling devices used to determine the time-weighted average concentrations (TWAC) of contaminants. To ensure accurate performance in groundwater, it is crucial to identify environmental characteristics and maintain optimal operational conditions. This study examined the deployment time required to reach effective capacity, the thickness of the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) under stagnant water conditions, and biofilm formation on the DGT surface using groundwater samples. When using DGT with Chelex gel (A=3.14 cm2), the effective capacity was 0.7 ㎍ for Cd and 250 ㎍ for Zn, with a deployment time of 24 h. Lower Cd accumulation was due to the competition effect of coexisting ions. The DBL thickness under stagnant conditions was 0.074 cm, 93% of the diffusion gel's thickness (0.08 cm). Neglecting DBL thickness in TWAC calculations led to a 79% decrease in the determined concentration. No biofouling was observed during the 28-d DGT deployment in groundwater. In conclusion, it is essential to consider the appropriate deployment time, DBL thickness, and biofilm formation to ensure accurate DGT performance in determining contaminant levels in groundwater.

키워드

과제정보

This research was supported by the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) through Subsurface Environment Management (SEM) Projects (RS-2023-00220406) funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment.

참고문헌

  1. Alakangas, L. J., Mathurin, F. A., & Astrom, M. E., 2020, Diverse fractionation patterns of Rare Earth Elements in deep fracture groundwater in the Baltic Shield-Progress from utilisation of Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) at the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 269, 15-38.
  2. Alotaibi, G. F., & Bukhari, M. A., 2021, Factors influencing bacterial biofilm formation and development, Am. J. Biomed. Sci. Res, 12(6), 617-626.
  3. Bennett, W. W., Teasdale, P. R., Panther, J. G., Welsh, D. T., & Jolley, D. F., 2010, New diffusive gradients in a thin film technique for measuring inorganic arsenic and selenium (IV) using a titanium dioxide based adsorbent, Analytical Chemistry, 82(17), 7401-7407.
  4. Bennett, W. W., Teasdale, P. R., Panther, J. G., Welsh, D. T., & Jolley, D. F., 2011, Speciation of dissolved inorganic arsenic by diffusive gradients in thin films: selective binding of AsIII by 3-mercaptopropyl-functionalized silica gel, Anal. Chem., 83(21), 8293-8299.
  5. Burri, N. M., Weatherl, R., Moeck, C., & Schirmer, M., 2019, A review of threats to groundwater quality in the anthropocene, Science of the Total Environment, 684, 136-154.
  6. Chang, L. Y., Davison, W., Zhang, H., & Kelly, M., 1998, Performance characteristics for the measurement of Cs and Sr by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), Analytica Chimica Acta, 368(3), 243-253.
  7. Davison, W., & Zhang, H., 2012, Progress in understanding the use of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)-back to basics, Environmental Chemistry, 9(1), 1-13.
  8. Diez, S., & Giaggio, R., 2018, Do biofilms affect the measurement of mercury by the DGT technique? Microcosm and field tests to prevent biofilm growth, Chemosphere, 210, 692-698.
  9. Dunn, R. J. K., Teasdale, P. R., Warnken, J., Jordan, M. A., & Arthur, J. M., 2007, Evaluation of the in situ, time-integrated DGT technique by monitoring changes in heavy metal concentrations in estuarine waters, Environmental Pollution, 148(1), 213-220.
  10. Feng, Z., Zhang, W., & Sun, T., 2021, Effects of seasonal biofouling on diffusion coefficients through filter membranes with different hydrophilicities in natural waters, Science of The Total Environment, 794, 148536.
  11. Gimpel, J., Zhang, H., Hutchinson, W., & Davison, W., 2001, Effect of solution composition, flow and deployment time on the measurement of trace metals by the diffusive gradient in thin films technique, Analytica chimica acta, 448(1-2), 93-103.
  12. Horowitz, A. J., Elrick, K. A., & Colberg, M. R., 1992, The effect of membrane filtration artifacts on dissolved trace element concentrations, Water Research, 26(6), 753-763.
  13. Horowitz, A. J., Lum, K. R., Garbarino, J. R., Hall, G. E., Lemieux, C., & Demas, C. R., 1996, Problems associated with using filtration to define dissolved trace element concentrations in natural water samples, Environmental science & technology, 30(3), 954-963.
  14. Jimenez-Piedrahita, M., Altier, A., Cecilia, J., Puy, J., Galceran, J., Rey-Castro, C., ... & Davison, W., 2017, Extending the use of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) to solutions where competition, saturation, and kinetic effects are not negligible, Analytical Chemistry, 89(12), 6567-6574.
  15. Liu, Y., Wei, L., Deng, H., Hu, S., Xie, X., Luo, D., & Xiao, T., 2023, Hydrogeochemistry of groundwater surrounding a pyrite mine in southern China: Assessment of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique for in situ monitoring, Journal of Hydrology, 622, 129685.
  16. Lucas, A. R., Reid, N., Salmon, S. U., & Rate, A. W., 2014, Quantitative assessment of the distribution of dissolved Au, As and Sb in groundwater using the diffusive gradients in thin films technique, Environmental science & technology, 48(20), 12141-12149.
  17. McMillan, L. A., Rivett, M. O., Tellam, J. H., Dumble, P., & Sharp, H., 2014, Influence of vertical flows in wells on groundwater sampling, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 169, 50-61.
  18. Mohammadi, A., Corbett, T., French, A., Lehto, N. J., Hadfield, J., Jarman, P., ... & Hartland, A., 2022, Application of diffusive gradients in thin films for monitoring groundwater quality, ACS ES&T Water, 2(4), 518-526.
  19. Panther, J. G., Teasdale, P. R., Bennett, W. W., Welsh, D. T., & Zhao, H., 2010, Titanium dioxide-based DGT technique for in situ measurement of dissolved reactive phosphorus in fresh and marine waters, Environmental science & technology, 44(24), 9419-9424.
  20. Panther, J. G., Bennett, W. W., Welsh, D. T., & Teasdale, P. R., 2014, Simultaneous measurement of trace metal and oxyanion concentrations in water using diffusive gradients in thin films with a Chelex-Metsorb mixed binding layer, Analytical chemistry, 86(1), 427-434.
  21. Pichette, C., Zhang, H., & Sauve, S., 2009, Using diffusive gradients in thin-films for in situ monitoring of dissolved phosphate emissions from freshwater aquaculture, Aquaculture, 286(3-4), 198-202.
  22. Price, H. L., Teasdale, P. R., & Jolley, D. F., 2013, An evaluation of ferrihydrite-and MetsorbTM-DGT techniques for measuring oxyanion species (As, Se, V, P): Effective capacity, competition and diffusion coefficients, Analytica Chimica Acta, 803, 56-65.
  23. Turner, G. S., Mills, G. A., Bowes, M. J., Burnett, J. L., Amos, S., & Fones, G. R., 2014, Evaluation of DGT as a long-term water quality monitoring tool in natural waters; uranium as a case study, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 16(3), 393-403.
  24. Uher, E., Compere, C., Combe, M., Mazeas, F., & Gourlay-France, C., 2017, In situ measurement with diffusive gradients in thin films: effect of biofouling in freshwater, Environ. Res., 24, 13797-13807.
  25. Uher, E., Zhang, H., Santos, S., Tusseau-Vuillemin, M. H., & Gourlay-Francé, C., 2012, Impact of biofouling on diffusive gradient in thin film measurements in water, Anal. Chem., 84(7), 3111-3118.
  26. Wang, R., Jones, K. C., & Zhang, H., 2020, Monitoring organic pollutants in waters using the diffusive gradients in the thin films technique: investigations on the effects of biofouling and degradation, Environ. Sci. Technol, 54(13), 7961-7969.
  27. Warnken, K. W., Zhang, H., & Davison, W., 2006, Accuracy of the diffusive gradients in thin-films technique: diffusive boundary layer and effective sampling area considerations, Anal. Chem., 78(11), 3780-3787.
  28. Zhang, H., & Davison, W., 1995, Performance characteristics of diffusion gradients in thin films for the in situ measurement of trace metals in aqueous solution, Analytical chemistry, 67(19), 3391-3400.