References
- Spellberg B, Guidos R, Gilbert D, et al. The epidemic of antibiotic-resistant infections: a call to action for the medical community from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:155-164. https://doi.org/10.1086/524891
- Cassini A, Hogberg LD, Plachouras D, et al. Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2019;19:56-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30605-4
- Touat M, Brun-Buisson C, Opatowski M, et al. Costs and outcomes of 1-year post-discharge care trajectories of patients admitted with infection due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria. J Infect 2021;82:339-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.02.001
- World Health Organization. Comprehensive review of the WHO Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance : Evaluation brief - September 2021 [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization, c2021 [cited 2023 Oct 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/comprehensive-review-of-the-who-global-action-plan-on-antimicrobial-resistance-evaluation-brief-september-2021.
- Hwang S, Kwon KT. Core elements for successful implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs. Infect Chemother 2021;53:421-435. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2021.0093
- Yoon YK, Kwon KT, Jeong SJ, et al. Guidelines on implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs in Korea. Infect Chemother 2021;53:617-659. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2021.0098
- Barlam TF, Cosgrove SE, Abbo LM, et al. Implementing an antibiotic stewardship program: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62:e51-e77. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw118
- Hwang H, Kim B. Impact of an infectious diseases specialist-led antimicrobial stewardship programmes on antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance in a large Korean hospital. Sci Rep 2018;8:14757.
- Shin DH, Kim HS, Heo E, et al. Stepwise expansion of antimicrobial stewardship programs and its impact on antibiotic use and resistance rates at a tertiary care hospital in Korea. Microbiol Spectr 2022;10:e0033522.
- Heo E, Choi Y, Kim HS, et al. Current status of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy in Korea: experience of a single university-affiliated acute-care hospital. Infect Chemother 2023;55:185-193.
- Yarrington ME, Moehring RW. Basic, advance, and novel metrics to guide antibiotic use assessments. Curr Treat Opt Infect Dis 2019;11:145-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40506-019-00188-3
- World Health Organization. WHO report on surveillance of antibiotic consumption: 2016-2018 early implementation [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization, c2019 [cited 2023 Oct 2]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-report-on-surveillance-of-antibiotic-consumption.
- Pollack LA, Srinivasan A. Core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):S97-S100. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu542
- Cheong HS, Park KH, Kim HB, et al. Core elements for implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs in Korean general hospitals. Infect Chemother 2022;54:637-673. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2022.0171
- Cheong HS, Park KH, Kim B, et al. Developing core elements and checklist items for implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs in Korean general hospitals: a modified Delphi survey. Infect Chemother 2023;55:59-68. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2022.0169
- Ministry of Health and Welfare. National action plan on antimicrobial resistance (2021-2025) [Internet]. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare, cYear [cited 2023 Oct 2]. Available from: https://www.mohw.go.kr/react/al/sal0301vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=04&MENU_ID=0403&page=133&CONT_SEQ=368388.
- Park SY, Kim YC, Lee R, et al. Current status and prospect of qualitative assessment of antibiotics prescriptions. Infect Chemother 2022;54:599-609. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2022.0158
- Kim B, Hwang H, Kim J, Lee MJ, Pai H. Ten-year trends in antibiotic usage at a tertiary care hospital in Korea, 2004 to 2013. Korean J Intern Med 2020;35:703-713. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2017.332
- World Health Organization. 2021 AWaRe classification [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization, c2021 [cited 2023 Oct 3]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/2021-aware-classification.
- O'Leary EN, Edwards JR, Srinivasan A, et al. National Healthcare Safety Network Standardized Antimicrobial Administration Ratios (SAARs): a progress report and risk modeling update using 2017 data. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71:e702-e709. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa326
- Kim B, Yoon YK, Kim DS, et al. Development of antibiotic classification for measuring antibiotic usage in Korean Hospitals using a modified Delphi method. J Korean Med Sci 2020;35:e241.
- Morris AM. Antimicrobial stewardship programs: appropriate measures and metrics to study their impact. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis 2014;6:101-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40506-014-0015-3
- Korea National Antimicrobial Use Analysis System (KONAS). Annual report on antimicrobial use in Korean hospitals: Results of 58 participating hospitals in 2022 [Internet]. Seoul: KONAS, c2023 [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://www.konas.or.kr:44538/xe/pds/1005.
- Reddy SC, Jacob JT, Varkey JB, Gaynes RP. Antibiotic use in US hospitals: quantification, quality measures and stewardship. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015;13:843-854. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2015.1040766
- Kim B, Hwang H, Kim J, Lee MJ, Pai H. A few antibiotics can represent the total hospital antibiotic consumption. BMC Infect Dis 2018;18:247.
- Kim B, Ahn SV, Kim DS, et al. Development of the Korean standardized antimicrobial administration ratio as a tool for benchmarking antimicrobial use in each hospital. J Korean Med Sci 2022;37:e191.
- Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. National Antimicrobial Utilisation Surveillance Program: 2019 Key Findings [Internet]. Sydney: Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, c2021 [cited 2023 Oct 3]. Available from: https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/publications-and-resources/resource-library/2019-annual-report-national-antimicrobial-utilisation-surveillance-program-nausp.
- NPS MedicineWise. MedicineInsight [Internet]. Sydney: NPS MedicineWise, 2023 [cited 2023 Oct 3]. Available from: https://www.nps.org.au/medicine-insight.
- National Healthcare Safety Network. Antimicrobial use and resistance (AUR) module [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, c2024 [cited 2024 Apr 16]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/11pscaurcurrent.pdf.
- Office for Health Improvement & Disparities. AMR local indicators - produced by the UKHSA [Internet]. London: Office for Health Improvement & Disparities, c2023 [cited 2023 Oct 4]. Available from: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/profile/amr-local-indicators.
- UK Health Security Agency. English surveillance programme for antimicrobial utilisation and resistance (ESPAUR) report [Internet]. London: UK Health Security Agency, c2014 [cited 2023 Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/english-surveillance-programme-antimicrobial-utilisation-and-resistance-espaur-report.
- Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (CARSS) report 2022 [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada, c2022 [cited 2023 Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/drugs-health-products/canadian-antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-system-report-2022.html.
- Kagami K, Ishiguro N, Iwasaki S, et al. Correlation between antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance: a multicenter study using the Japan Surveillance for Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology (J-SIPHE) system in Hokkaido, Japan. Am J Infect Control 2023;51:163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2022.05.025
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, AMR Clinical Reference Center. Surveillance for Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology (J-SIPHE) Annual Report 2021 [Internet]. Tokyo: National Center for Global Health and Medicine, c2022 [cited 2024 Apr 16]. Available from: https://j-siphe.ncgm.go.jp/files/JSIPHE_AnnualReport_2021en.pdf.
- Ryu S. The new Korean action plan for containment of antimicrobial resistance. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017;8:70-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2016.10.013
- Kim B, Kim YC, Kim HS, Park SY, Choi JY. Significance of the regular publication of statistics on national health indicators in academic journals and the prospects of Korea National Antimicrobial Use Analysis System (KONAS). Infect Chemother 2023;55:306-307. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2023.0060
- Kim Y, Chae J, Shin S, et al. Trends in national pharmaceutical expenditure in Korea during 2011 - 2020. Infect Chemother 2023;55:237-246. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2023.0028
- Kim HS, Park SY, Choi H, et al. Development of a roadmap for the antimicrobial usage monitoring system for medical institutions in Korea: a Delphi study. Infect Chemother 2022;54:483-492. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2022.0107
- Gyssens IC. Quality measures of antimicrobial drug use. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;17:9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(00)00208-9
- van den Bosch CM, Geerlings SE, Natsch S, Prins JM, Hulscher ME. Quality indicators to measure appropriate antibiotic use in hospitalized adults. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60:281-291. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu747
- Aviatin M, Sauriasari R, Yunir E, Risni HW. Evaluation of the use of antimicrobial therapy for treating diabetic foot infections in an Indonesia referral hospital: a retrospective cohort study. Infect Chemother 2023;55:80-89. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2022.0084
- Le Marechal M, Tebano G, Monnier AA, et al. Quality indicators assessing antibiotic use in the outpatient setting: a systematic review followed by an international multidisciplinary consensus procedure. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018;73(suppl_6):vi40-vi49. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky117
- Monnier AA, Schouten J, Le Marechal M, et al. Quality indicators for responsible antibiotic use in the inpatient setting: a systematic review followed by an international multidisciplinary consensus procedure. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018;73(suppl_6):vi30-vi39. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky116
- Schoffelen T, Schouten J, Hoogerwerf J, et al. Quality indicators for appropriate antimicrobial therapy in the emergency department: a pragmatic Delphi procedure. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27:210-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.027
- Kim B, Lee MJ, Park SY, et al. Development of key quality indicators for appropriate antibiotic use in the Republic of Korea: results of a modified Delphi survey. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021;10:48.
- Magill SS, O'Leary E, Ray SM, et al. Assessment of the appropriateness of antimicrobial use in US hospitals. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e212007.
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship. National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey [Internet]. Melbourne: National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, c2018 [cited 2023 Oct 17]. Available from: https://www.ncas-australia.org/ncas-publications.
- Magill SS, Hellinger W, Cohen J, et al. Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections in acute care hospitals in Jacksonville, Florida. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33:283-291. https://doi.org/10.1086/664048
- Fridkin S, Baggs J, Fagan R, et al. Vital signs: improving antibiotic use among hospitalized patients. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:194-200.
- Magill SS, Edwards JR, Beldavs ZG, et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial use in US acute care hospitals, May-September 2011. JAMA 2014;312:1438-1446. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.12923
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals 2011-2012 [Internet]. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, c2013 [cited 2023 Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/point-prevalence-survey-healthcare-associated-infections-and-antimicrobial-use-0.
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals 2016-2017 [Internet]. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, c2023 [cited 2023 Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/point-prevalence-survey-healthcare-associated-infections-and-antimicrobial-use-5.
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European long-term care facilities. May-September 2010 [Internet]. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, c2014 [cited 2023 Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/point-prevalence-survey-healthcare-associated-infections-and-antimicrobial-use-1.
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European long-term care facilities. April-May 2013 [Internet]. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, c2014 [cited 2023 Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/point-prevalence-survey-healthcare-associated-infections-and-antimicrobial-use-2.
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European long-term care facilities 2016-2017 [Internet]. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, c2023 [cited 2023 Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/point-prevalence-survey-healthcare-associated-infections-and-antimicrobial-use-2016-2017.
- Royal Melbourne Hospital and the National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship. Antimicrobial prescribing practice in Australian hospitals. Results of the 2020 Hospital National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey [Internet]. Canberra: Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government, c2023 [cited 2023 Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.amr.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-09/antimicrobial-prescribing-practice-in-australian-hospitals-results-of-the-2020-hospital-national-antimicrobial-prescribing-survey.pdf.
- Royal Melbourne Hospital and the National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship. Surgical prophylaxis prescribing in Australian hospitals. Results of the 2020 Hospital National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey [Internet]. Canberra: Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government, c2023 [cited 2023 Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.amr.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-09/surgical-prophylaxis-prescribing-in-australian-hospitals-results-of-the-2020-surgical-national-antimicrobial-prescribing-survey_0.pdf.
- Royal Melbourne Hospital and the National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship. Antimicrobial prescribing practice in Australian residential aged care facilities. Results of the 2020 Hospital National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey [Internet]. Canberra: Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government, c2023 [cited 2023 Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.amr.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-09/antimicrobial-prescribing-in-australian-residential-aged-care-facilities-results-of-the-2020-aged-care-national-antimicrobial-prescribing-survey.pdf.
- Kim BN, Kim HB, Oh MD. Antibiotic control policies in South Korea, 2000-2013. Infect Chemother 2016;48:151-159. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2016.48.3.151
- Kim ES, Park SW, Lee CS, et al. Impact of a national hospital evaluation program using clinical performance indicators on the use of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in Korea. Int J Infect Dis 2012;16:e187-e192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2011.11.010
- Park SY, Moon SM, Kim B, et al. Appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions during hospitalization and ambulatory care: a multicentre prevalence survey in Korea. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022;29:253-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2022.03.021
- Jung J, Moon SM, Kim DY, et al. Appropriateness of antibiotic use for patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria or urinary tract infection with positive urine culture: a retrospective observational multi-centre study in Korea. J Hosp Infect 2023;140:79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2023.07.022
- Kim YC, Park JY, Kim B, et al. Prescriptions patterns and appropriateness of usage of antibiotics in non-teaching community hospitals in South Korea: a multicentre retrospective study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022;11:40.
- Kim SW, Park HJ, Oh WS, et al. Drug use evaluation of intravenous ciprofloxacin in university hospitals in Korea. Infect Chemother 2004;36:350-356.
- Nam EY, Kim HB, Bae H, et al. Appropriateness of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in a tertiary hospital. Korean J Nosocomial Infect Control 2014;19:64-70. https://doi.org/10.14192/kjnic.2014.19.2.64
- Lee MJ, Kim M, Kim NH, et al. Why is asymptomatic bacteriuria overtreated?: a tertiary care institutional survey of resident physicians. BMC Infect Dis 2015;15:289.
- Kim HI, Kim SW, Chang HH, Lee JM, Peck KR. A 2011-2012 survey of doctors' perceptions of Korean guidelines and empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Infect Chemother 2013;45:394-405. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2013.45.4.394
- Kim SW. Antimicrobial stewardship with intravenous to oral conversion and future directions of antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Chemother 2017;49:87-89. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2017.49.1.87
- Park SM, Kim HS, Jeong YM, et al. Impact of intervention by an antimicrobial stewardship team on conversion from intravenous to oral fluoroquinolones. Infect Chemother 2017;49:31-37. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2017.49.1.31
- Kang J, Kim H, Jeong Y, et al. Evaluation of the appropriateness of empirical antibiotic prescription after implementation of antibiotic treatment guidelines for pneumonia in a hospital. J Korean Soc Health Syst Pharm 2018;35:391-399. https://doi.org/10.32429/jkshp.2018.35.4.001
- Song YJ, Kim M, Huh S, et al. Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program on unnecessary double anaerobic coverage prescription. Infect Chemother 2015;47:111-116. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2015.47.2.111