Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1C1C1014413 to Chong Hyun Suh). This research was supported by a grant of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1C1C1014413) and a grant of the Korea Dementia Research Project through the Korea Dementia Research Center (KDRC), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare and Ministry of Science & ICT, Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00344521).
References
- Karran E, De Strooper B. The amyloid hypothesis in Alzheimer disease: new insights from new therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022;21:306-318
- Decourt B, Boumelhem F, Pope ED 3rd, Shi J, Mari Z, Sabbagh MN. Critical appraisal of amyloid lowering agents in AD. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021;21:39
- Jeong SY, Suh CH, Shim WH, Lim JS, Lee JH, Kim SJ. Incidence of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer disease treated with anti-β-amyloid immunotherapy: a meta-analysis. Neurology 2022;99:e2092-e2101
- Barakos J, Purcell D, Suhy J, Chalkias S, Burkett P, Marsica Grassi C, et al. Detection and management of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease treated with anti-amyloid beta therapy. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2022;9:211-220
- Arndt JW, Qian F, Smith BA, Quan C, Kilambi KP, Bush MW, et al. Structural and kinetic basis for the selectivity of aducanumab for aggregated forms of amyloid-β. Sci Rep 2018;8:6412
- Sevigny J, Chiao P, Bussiere T, Weinreb PH, Williams L, Maier M, et al. The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2016;537:50-56
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug approval package: aduhelm (aducanumab-avwa) [accessed on December 30, 2023]. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2021/761178Orig1s000TOC.cfm
- Logovinsky V, Satlin A, Lai R, Swanson C, Kaplow J, Osswald G, et al. Safety and tolerability of BAN2401--a clinical study in Alzheimer's disease with a protofibril selective Aβ antibody. Alzheimers Res Ther 2016;8:14
- Tucker S, Moller C, Tegerstedt K, Lord A, Laudon H, Sjodahl J, et al. The murine version of BAN2401 (mAb158) selectively reduces amyloid-β protofibrils in brain and cerebrospinal fluid of tg-ArcSwe mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2015;43:575-588
- van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, Bateman RJ, Chen C, Gee M, et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2023;388:9-21
- Cummings J, Apostolova L, Rabinovici GD, Atri A, Aisen P, Greenberg S, et al. Lecanemab: appropriate use recommendations. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2023;10:362-377
- Demattos RB, Lu J, Tang Y, Racke MM, Delong CA, Tzaferis JA, et al. A plaque-specific antibody clears existing β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease mice. Neuron 2012;76:908-920
- Sims JR, Zimmer JA, Evans CD, Lu M, Ardayfio P, Sparks J, et al. Donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease: the TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2023;330:512-527
- Sperling RA, Jack CR Jr, Black SE, Frosch MP, Greenberg SM, Hyman BT, et al. Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in amyloid-modifying therapeutic trials: recommendations from the Alzheimer's Association Research Roundtable Workgroup. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:367-385
- Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM. Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2010;362:329-344
- Cogswell PM, Barakos JA, Barkhof F, Benzinger TS, Jack CR Jr, Poussaint TY, et al. Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities with emerging Alzheimer disease therapeutics: detection and reporting recommendations for clinical practice. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022;43:E19-E35
- Park HY, Kim KW, Yoon MA, Lee MH, Chae EJ, Lee JH, et al. Role of whole-body MRI for treatment response assessment in multiple myeloma: comparison between clinical response and imaging response. Cancer Imaging 2020;20:14
- Sperling R, Salloway S, Brooks DJ, Tampieri D, Barakos J, Fox NC, et al. Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease treated with bapineuzumab: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Neurol 2012;11:241-249
- Hampel H, Elhage A, Cho M, Apostolova LG, Nicoll JAR, Atri A. Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA): radiological, biological and clinical characteristics. Brain 2023;146:4414-4424
- Boche D, Zotova E, Weller RO, Love S, Neal JW, Pickering RM, et al. Consequence of Aβ immunization on the vasculature of human Alzheimer's disease brain. Brain 2008;131(Pt 12):3299-3310
- Boncoraglio GB, Piazza F, Savoiardo M, Farina L, DiFrancesco JC, Prioni S, et al. Prodromal Alzheimer's disease presenting as cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation with spontaneous amyloid-related imaging abnormalities and high cerebrospinal fluid anti-Aβ autoantibodies. J Alzheimers Dis 2015;45:363-367
- Piazza F, Greenberg SM, Savoiardo M, Gardinetti M, Chiapparini L, Raicher I, et al. Anti-amyloid β autoantibodies in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation: implications for amyloid-modifying therapies. Ann Neurol 2013;73:449-458
- Solopova E, Romero-Fernandez W, Harmsen H, Ventura-Antunes L, Wang E, Shostak A, et al. Fatal iatrogenic cerebral β-amyloid-related arteritis in a woman treated with lecanemab for Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2023;14:8220
- Sotoudeh H, Alizadeh M, Shahidi R, Shobeiri P, Saadatpour Z, Wheeler CA, et al. Imaging spectrum of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities associated with aducanumab immunotherapy. Front Radiol 2024;3:1305390
- Bohrmann B, Baumann K, Benz J, Gerber F, Huber W, Knoflach F, et al. Gantenerumab: a novel human anti-Aβ antibody demonstrates sustained cerebral amyloid-β binding and elicits cell-mediated removal of human amyloid-β. J Alzheimers Dis 2012;28:49-69
- Filippi M, Cecchetti G, Spinelli EG, Vezzulli P, Falini A, Agosta F. Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities and β-amyloid-targeting antibodies: a systematic review. JAMA Neurol 2022;79:291-304
- Barakos J, Sperling R, Salloway S, Jack C, Gass A, Fiebach JB, et al. MR imaging features of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34:1958-1965
- Brashear HR, Ketter N, Bogert J, Di J, Salloway SP, Sperling R. Clinical evaluation of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in bapineuzumab phase III studies. J Alzheimers Dis 2018;66:1409-1424
- Yamada M. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and gene polymorphisms. J Neurol Sci 2004;226:41-44
- Cummings J, Aisen P, Apostolova LG, Atri A, Salloway S, Weiner M. Aducanumab: appropriate use recommendations. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2021;8:398-410
- Salloway S, Marshall GA, Lu M, Brashear HR. Long-term safety and efficacy of bapineuzumab in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: a phase 2, open-label extension study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2018;15:1231-1243
- Salloway S, Sperling R, Fox NC, Blennow K, Klunk W, Raskind M, et al. Two phase 3 trials of bapineuzumab in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2014;370:322-333
- Salloway S, Sperling R, Gilman S, Fox NC, Blennow K, Raskind M, et al. A phase 2 multiple ascending dose trial of bapineuzumab in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2009;73:2061-2070
- Barkhof F, Daams M, Scheltens P, Brashear HR, Arrighi HM, Bechten A, et al. An MRI rating scale for amyloid-related imaging abnormalities with edema or effusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34:1550-1555
- Bechten A, Wattjes MP, Purcell DD, Aliaga ES, Daams M, Brashear HR, et al. Validation of an MRI rating scale for amyloid-related imaging abnormalities. J Neuroimaging 2017;27:318-325
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Prescribing information of ADUHELM [accessed on January 8, 2024]. Available at: www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/761178s000lbl.pdf
- Bracoud L, Fiebach JB, Purcell DD, Gass A, Gaensler E, Lindan C, et al. [P1-047]: Validation of a simple severity scale for assessing ARIA-E [accessed on December 30, 2023]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.114
- Bracoud L, Klein G, Lyons M, Scelsi MA, Wojtowicz J, Bullain S, et al. Validation of 3- and 5-point severity scales to assess ARIA-E. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2023;15:e12503
- Kallmes DF, Hui FK, Mugler JP 3rd. Suppression of cerebrospinal fluid and blood flow artifacts in FLAIR MR imaging with a single-slab three-dimensional pulse sequence: initial experience. Radiology 2001;221:251-255
- Wattjes MP, Lutterbey GG, Harzheim M, Gieseke J, Traber F, Klotz L, et al. Higher sensitivity in the detection of inflammatory brain lesions in patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis using high field MRI: an intraindividual comparison of 1.5 T with 3.0 T. Eur Radiol 2006;16:2067-2073
- Ayton S. Brain volume loss due to donanemab. Eur J Neurol 2021;28:e67-e68
- Alves F, Kalinowski P, Ayton S. Accelerated brain volume loss caused by anti-β-amyloid drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 2023;100:e2114-e2124
- Barkhof F, Knopman DS. Brain shrinkage in anti-β-amyloid Alzheimer trials: neurodegeneration or pseudoatrophy? Neurology 2023;100:941-942
- Cordonnier C, van der Flier WM, Sluimer JD, Leys D, Barkhof F, Scheltens P. Prevalence and severity of microbleeds in a memory clinic setting. Neurology 2006;66:1356-1360
- Shoamanesh A, Akoudad S, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, DeCarli C, Seshadri S, et al. Cortical superficial siderosis in the general population: the Framingham heart and Rotterdam studies. Int J Stroke 2021;16:798-808
- Benzinger TL, Barkhof F, Rovira A, Kober T, Whitlow CT, Smith M, et al. Defining a standardized MRI acquisition protocol to be proposed to ICARE AD sites for ARIA monitoring (N3. 001). Neurology 2022;98(18 supplement):1382
- Greenberg SM, Bacskai BJ, Hernandez-Guillamon M, Pruzin J, Sperling R, van Veluw SJ. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer disease - one peptide, two pathways. Nat Rev Neurol 2020;16:30-42
- Auriel E, Charidimou A, Gurol ME, Ni J, Van Etten ES, Martinez-Ramirez S, et al. Validation of clinicoradiological criteria for the diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation. JAMA Neurol 2016;73:197-202
- Wu JJ, Yao M, Ni J. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation: current status and future implications. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021;134:646-654
- Agarwal A, Gupta V, Brahmbhatt P, Desai A, Vibhute P, Joseph-Mathurin N, et al. Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in Alzheimer disease treated with anti-amyloid-β therapy. Radiographics 2023;43:e230009
- de Souza A, Tasker K. Inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a broad clinical spectrum. J Clin Neurol 2023;19:230-241
- Jung H, Lee SY, Lim S, Choi HR, Choi Y, Kim M, et al. Anti-inflammatory clearance of amyloid-β by a chimeric Gas6 fusion protein. Nat Med 2022;28:1802-1812
- Grimm HP, Schumacher V, Schafer M, Imhof-Jung S, Freskgard PO, Brady K, et al. Delivery of the BrainshuttleTM amyloid-beta antibody fusion trontinemab to non-human primate brain and projected efficacious dose regimens in humans. MAbs 2023;15:2261509