Acknowledgement
This paper is supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (Grant No. 21BJY113).
References
- IEA, International Energy Agency, 2021. Www.Iea.Org/Reports/Global-EnergyReview-Co2-Emissions-in-2021-2.
- M.Y. Raza, B. Lin, Analysis of Pakistan's electricity generation and CO2 emissions: based on decomposition and decoupling approach, J. Clean. Prod. 359 (2022) 132074, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132074.
- U.K. Pata, M.T. Kartal, Impact of nuclear and renewable energy sources on environment quality: testing the EKC and LCC hypotheses for South Korea, Nucl. Eng. Technol. 55 (2023) 587-594, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2022.10.027.
- Rebecca Lindsey, Luann Dahlman, Global Climate Change, 2022. Www.Climate.Gov/News-Features/Understanding-Climate/Climate-Change-Global-Temperature.
- IPCC, Working Group I, Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021.
- M. Yousaf Raza, B. Lin, Development trend of Pakistan's natural gas consumption: a sectorial decomposition analysis, Energy 278 (2023) 127872, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127872.
- HDIP, Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan), Pakistan energy yearbook. Ministry of energy (Petroleum Division) Hydrocarbon development institute of Pakistan. https://hdip.com.pk/contents.php?cid=32, 2021.
- B. Jiang, M.Y. Raza, Research on China's renewable energy policies under the dual carbon goals: a political discourse analysis, Energy Strategy Rev. 48 (2023) 101118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101118.
- A.N. Khan, X. En, M.Y. Raza, N.A. Khan, A. Ali, Sectorial study of technological progress and CO2 emission: insights from a developing economy, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 151 (2020) 119862, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119862.
- A. Maxim, Sustainability assessment of electricity generation technologies using weighted multi-criteria decision analysis, Energy Pol. 65 (2014) 284-297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.059.
- N. Mahmood, Danish, Z. Wang, B. Zhang, The role of nuclear energy in the correction of environmental pollution: evidence from Pakistan, Nucl. Eng. Technol. 52 (2020) 1327-1333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2019.11.027.
- M.T. Majeed, I. Ozturk, I. Samreen, T. Luni, Evaluating the asymmetric effects of nuclear energy on carbon emissions in Pakistan, Nucl. Eng. Technol. 54 (2022) 1664-1673, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2021.11.021.
- R.E.A. T, Y.R. Dietz, Driving the human ecological footprint, Front. Ecol. Environ. 5 (2007) 13-18.
- S.A. Sarkodie, V. Strezov, Effect of foreign direct investments, economic development and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries, Sci. Total Environ. 646 (2019) 862-871, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.365.
- O.B. Adekoya, J.A. Oliyide, O.T. Kenku, O.F. Ajayi, China's technological spillover effect on the energy efficiency of the BRI countries, Energy Pol. 182 (2023) 113740, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113740.
- O. Napolitano, P. Foresti, K. Kounetas, N. Spagnolo, The impact of energy, renewable and CO2 emissions efficiency on countries' productivity, Energy Econ. 125 (2023) 106795, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106795.
- B. Lin, M.Y. Raza, Analysis of energy related CO2 emissions in Pakistan, J. Clean. Prod. 219 (2019) 981-993, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.112.
- M.Y. Raza, M. Wasim, M.S. Sarwar, Development of renewable energy technologies in rural areas of Pakistan, energy sources, Part A: recovery, utilization, Environ. Eff. 42 (2020) 740-760, https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1588428.
- M.Y. Raza, B. Lin, Renewable energy substitution and energy technology impact in a transitional economy: a perspective from Pakistan, J. Clean. Prod. 360 (2022) 132163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132163.
- F. Guang, Y. Deng, L. Wen, B. Sharp, S. Hong, Impact of regional energy allocation distortion on carbon emission efficiency: evidence from China, J. Environ. Manag. 342 (2023) 118241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118241.
- Yu Ma, A Study on the Estimation of the Desirable Range of Cross-Border Capital Flows in Emerging Economies[M], China Social Sciences Press, Beijing, 2023.
- E. Dogan, R. Inglesi-Lotz, The impact of economic structure to the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis: evidence from European countries, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 27 (2020) 12717-12724, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07878-2.
- U.K. Pata, Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Turkey: testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks, J. Clean. Prod. 187 (2018) 770-779, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.236.
- X. Gu, X. Shen, X. Zhong, T. Wu, S. Rahim, Natural resources and undesired productions of environmental outputs as green growth: EKC in the perspective of green finance and green growth in the G7 region, Resour. Pol. 82 (2023) 103552, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103552.
- T. Chang, C.-M. Hsu, S.-T. Chen, M.-C. Wang, C.-F. Wu, Revisiting economic growth and CO2 emissions nexus in Taiwan using a mixed-frequency VAR model, Econ. Anal. Pol. 79 (2023) 319-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.05.022.
- M.Y. Raza, B. Lin, Energy efficiency and factor productivity in Pakistan: policy perspectives, Energy 247 (2022) 123461, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123461.
- M.Y. Raza, B. Lin, Future outlook and influencing factors analysis of natural gas consumption in Bangladesh: an economic and policy perspectives, Energy Pol. 173 (2023) 113379, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113379.
- J. Yang, W. Cai, M. Ma, L. Li, C. Liu, X. Ma, L. Li, X. Chen, Driving forces of China's CO2 emissions from energy consumption based on Kaya-LMDI methods, Sci. Total Environ. 711 (2020) 134569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134569.
- V. Moutinho, M. Madaleno, R. Inglesi-Lotz, E. Dogan, Factors affecting CO2 emissions in top countries on renewable energies: a LMDI decomposition application, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 90 (2018) 605-622, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.009.
- B. Su, B.W. Ang, Structural decomposition analysis applied to energy and emissions: Frameworks for monthly data, Energy Econ. 126 (2023) 106977, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106977.
- B. Lin, M.Y. Raza, Coal and economic development in Pakistan: a necessity of energy source, Energy 207 (2020) 118244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118244.
- Q. Wang, J. Guo, R. Li, X. Jiang, Exploring the role of nuclear energy in the energy transition: a comparative perspective of the effects of coal, oil, natural gas, renewable energy, and nuclear power on economic growth and carbon emissions, Environ. Res. 221 (2023) 115290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115290.
- J. Price, I. Keppo, P.E. Dodds, The role of new nuclear power in the UK's net-zero emissions energy system, Energy 262 (2023) 125450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125450.
- O. Ozgur, V. Yilanci, M. Kongkuah, Nuclear energy consumption and CO2 emissions in India: evidence from Fourier ARDL bounds test approach, Nucl. Eng. Technol. 54 (2022) 1657-1663, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2021.11.001.
- K. Saidi, A. Omri, Reducing CO2 emissions in OECD countries: do renewable and nuclear energy matter? Prog. Nucl. Energy 126 (2020) 103425 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103425.
- K. Dong, R. Sun, H. Jiang, X. Zeng, CO2 emissions, economic growth, and the environmental Kuznets curve in China: what roles can nuclear energy and renewable energy play? J. Clean. Prod. 196 (2018) 51-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.271.
- Review of World Energy, BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2023. Www.Bp.Com/En/Global/Corporate/Energy-Economics/Statistical-Review-of-WorldEnergy.Html.
- World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2022. Databank.Worldbank.Org/Reports.Aspx?Source=World-Development-Indicators.
- P.R. Ehrlich, J.P. Holdren, Impact of population growth, Science 171 (1971) 1212-1217, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3977.1212 (1979).
- R.G. Ridker, Population, resources, and the environment, in: [Washington, Commission on Population Growth and the American Future; for Sale by the Supt. Of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.], 1972.
- C.A. Jenne, R.K. Cattell, Structural change and energy efficiency in industry, Energy Econ. 5 (1983) 114-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(83)90018-X.
- L. Wen, Z. Li, Driving forces of national and regional CO2 emissions in China combined IPAT-E and PLS-SEM model, Sci. Total Environ. 690 (2019) 237-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.370.
- B. Xu, B. Lin, Regional differences in the CO2 emissions of China's iron and steel industry: regional heterogeneity, Energy Pol. 88 (2016) 422-434, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.11.001.
- Y. Wang, T. Zhao, Impacts of energy-related CO2 emissions: evidence from under developed, developing and highly developed regions in China, Ecol. Indicat. 50 (2015) 186-195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.010.
- T, R.E.A. Dietz, Rethinking the environmental impacts of population, affluence and technology, Hum. Ecol. Rev. 1 (1994) 277-300.
- M.Y. Raza, M.M. Hasan, Estimating the multiple impacts of technical progress on Bangladesh's manufacturing and industrial sector's CO2 emissions: a quantile regression approach, Energy Rep. 8 (2022) 2288-2301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.005.
- B. Lin, M.Y. Raza, Energy substitution effect on transport sector of Pakistan: a trans-log production function approach, J. Clean. Prod. 251 (2020) 119606, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119606.
- B. Lin, P. Atsagli, Energy consumption, inter-fuel substitution and economic growth in Nigeria, Energy 120 (2017) 675-685, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.11.115.
- B. Lin, M.Y. Raza, Fuels substitution possibilities and the technical progress in Pakistan's agriculture sector, J. Clean. Prod. 314 (2021) 128021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128021.
- A.E. Hoerl, R.W. Kennard, Ridge regression: biased estimation for nonorthogonal problems, Technometrics 12 (1970) 55-67, https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1970.10488634.
- B. Lin, R. Fei, Analyzing inter-factor substitution and technical progress in the Chinese agricultural sector, Eur. J. Agron. 66 (2015) 54-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.02.005.
- P.K. Wesseh, B. Lin, Energy consumption, fuel substitution, technical change, and economic growth: implications for CO2 mitigation in Egypt, Energy Pol. 117 (2018) 340-347, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.022.
- M.Y. Raza, B. Lin, X. Liu, Cleaner production of Pakistan's chemical industry: perspectives of energy conservation and emissions reduction, J. Clean. Prod. 278 (2021) 123888, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123888.
- Kmenta Jan, Elements of Econometrics, second ed., Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1986. https://archive.org/details/elementsofecono m0003kmen. (Accessed 16 January 2024).
- B. Lin, R. Zhu, M.Y. Raza, Fuel substitution and environmental sustainability in India: perspectives of technical progress, Energy 261 (2022) 125309, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125309.
- Vision 2025, Vision 2025, 2014. Pakistan 2025, One Nation-One Vision. Planning Commission, Ministry of Planning, Development & Reforms. Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, 2014 fics.seecs.edu.pk/Vision/Vision-2025/Pakistan-Vision2025.pdf.
- Vision 2035, Vision 2035, 2014. Pakistan 2035, One Nation-One Vision. Planning Commission, Ministry of Planning, Development & Reforms. Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, 2014. https://www.sdpi.org/publications/files/Pakistan%20 Energy%202035FINAL%2020th%20October%202014.pdf.
- Pakistan Economic Survey, Pakistan Economic Survey, 2021-2022, Ministry of Finance. Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, 2022. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_/Pakistan_ES_2021_2022_pdf.
- M.Y. Raza, B. Lin, Decoupling and mitigation potential analysis of CO2 emissions from Pakistan's transport sector, Sci. Total Environ. 730 (2020) 139000, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139000.
- B. Pan, Y. Zhang, Impact of affluence, nuclear and alternative energy on US carbon emissions from 1960 to 2014, Energy Strategy Rev. 32 (2020) 100581, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100581.
- Ministry of Statistics, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2022. Www.Pbs.Gov.Pk/Sites/Default/Files/Population_Census_2022_Results_0.Pdf.
- B. Lin, M.Y. Raza, Analysis of energy security indicators and CO2 emissions. A case from a developing economy, Energy 200 (2020) 117575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117575.
- T.P. Hughes, J.T. Kerry, A.H. Baird, S.R. Connolly, T.J. Chase, A. Dietzel, T. Hill, A. S. Hoey, M.O. Hoogenboom, M. Jacobson, A. Kerswell, J.S. Madin, A. Mieog, A. S. Paley, M.S. Pratchett, G. Torda, R.M. Woods, Global warming impairs stock-recruitment dynamics of corals, Nature 568 (2019) 387-390, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1081-y.
- John McGarrity, Beth Walker, Chinese-Funded Energy Projects in Pakistan Likely to Damage Environment, 2015. Www.Eco-Business.Com/Opinion/ChineseFunded-Energy-Projects-in-Pakistan-Likely-to-Damage-Environment/.