DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Prevalence of malocclusions and parafunctional habits in pediatric patients with developmental dyslexia

  • Federica Guglielmi (Institute of Dental Clinic, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation) ;
  • Anna Alessandri-Bonetti (Institute of Dental Clinic, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation) ;
  • Geraldine Gemelli (Institute of Dental Clinic, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation) ;
  • Linda Sangalli (College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University) ;
  • Patrizia Gallenzi (Institute of Dental Clinic, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation)
  • Received : 2024.01.04
  • Accepted : 2024.04.18
  • Published : 2024.07.25

Abstract

Objective: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of dental malocclusion, orthodontic parameters, and parafunctional habits in children with developmental dyslexia (DD). Methods: Forty pediatric patients (67.5% boys and 32.5% girls, mean age: 11.02 ± 2.53 years, range: 6-15 years) with DD were compared with 40 age- and sex-matched healthy participants for prevalence of dental malocclusion, orthodontic parameters, and parafunctional habits. Dental examinations were performed by an orthodontist. Results: Pediatric patients with DD exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of Angle Class III malocclusion (22.5% vs. 5.0%, P = 0.024), deep bite (27.5% vs. 7.5%, P = 0.019), midline deviation (55.0% vs. 7.5%, P < 0.0001), midline diastemas (32.5% vs. 7.5%, P = 0.010), wear facets (92.5% vs. 15.0%, P < 0.0001), self-reported nocturnal teeth grinding (82.5% vs. 7.5%, P < 0.0001), nail biting (35.0% vs. 0.0%, P < 0.0001), and atypical swallowing (85.0% vs. 17.5%, P < 0.0001) compared to that in healthy controls. Conclusions: Pediatric patients with DD showed a higher prevalence of Class III malocclusion, greater orthodontic vertical and transverse discrepancies, and incidence of parafunctional activities. Clinicians and dentists should be aware of the vulnerability of children with dyslexia for exhibiting malocclusion and encourage early assessment and multidisciplinary intervention.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore contributed to the funding of this research project and its publication 2023.

References

  1. Authenticated U.S. Government Information (GPO). First step act of 2018. Public law 115-391; 132 Stat. 5194. GPO; 2018. https://www.congress.gov/115/plaws/publ391/PLAW-115publ391.pdf 
  2. Stanley C, Petscher Y. Defining dyslexia. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of Special Education Programs, National Center on Improving Literacy; 2017. https://improvingliteracy.org/brief/defining-dyslexia/index.html
  3. Assaf DDC, Knorst JK, Busanello-Stella AR, Ferrazzo VA, Berwig LC, Ardenghi TM, et al. Association between malocclusion, tongue position and speech distortion in mixed-dentition schoolchildren: an epidemiological study. J Appl Oral Sci 2021;29:e20201005. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7757-2020-1005 
  4. Lyon GR, Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA. A definition of dyslexia. Ann Dyslexia 2003;53:1-14. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11881-003-0001-9 
  5. Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz JE, Shaywitz BA. Dyslexia in the 21st century. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2021;34:80-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000670 
  6. Capellini SA, Coppede AC, Valle TR. [Fine motor function of school-aged children with dyslexia, learning disability and learning difficulties]. Pro Fono 2010;22:201-8. Portuguese. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-56872010000300008 
  7. Chaix Y, Albaret JM, Brassard C, Cheuret E, de Castelnau P, Benesteau J, et al. Motor impairment in dyslexia: the influence of attention disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2007;11:368-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.03.006 
  8. Stoodley CJ. The cerebellum and neurodevelopmental disorders. Cerebellum 2016;15:34-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-015-0715-3
  9. Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ, Dean P. Developmental dyslexia: the cerebellar deficit hypothesis. Trends Neurosci 2001;24:508-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01896-8 
  10. Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ, Berry EL, Jenkins IH, Dean P, Brooks DJ. Association of abnormal cerebellar activation with motor learning difficulties in dyslexic adults. Lancet 1999;353:1662-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09165-X
  11. Smith AM. [Babinski and movement synergism]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1993;149:764-70. French. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7997735/ 
  12. Cheng HY, Murdoch BE, Goozee JV, Scott D. Physiologic development of tongue-jaw coordination from childhood to adulthood. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2007;50:352-60. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/025) 
  13. Perillo L, Esposito M, Contiello M, Lucchese A, Santini AC, Carotenuto M. Occlusal traits in developmental dyslexia: a preliminary study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013;9:1231-7. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S49985 
  14. Shi M, Liu X, Zhang C, Zhang H, Liu Q, Wang D, et al. Effect of dental malocclusion on cerebellar neuron activation via the dorsomedial part of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus. Eur J Oral Sci 2021;129:e12788. https://doi.org/10.1111/eos.12788 
  15. Bernstein M. The relation of speech defects and malocclusion. Am J Orthod 1954;40:149-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(54)90135-9 
  16. Mogren A, Havner C, Westerlund A, Sjogreen L, Agholme MB, Mcallister A. Malocclusion in children with speech sound disorders and motor speech involvement: a cross-sectional clinical study in Swedish children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2022;23:619-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-022-00728-4 
  17. Luconi E, Togni L, Mascitti M, Tesei A, Nori A, Barlattani A, et al. Bruxism in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: a comprehensive review. Medicina (Kaunas) 2021;57:224. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57030224 
  18. Alessandri-Bonetti A, Guglielmi F, Mollo A, Sangalli L, Gallenzi P. Prevalence of malocclusions in down syndrome population: a cross-sectional study. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023;59:1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091657 
  19. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Guidelines for the review of inclusion on the basis of sex/gender, race, ethnicity, and age in clinical research [Internet]. Bethesda: NIH; 2019 [cited 2024 Feb 13]. Available from: https://grants.nih.gov/grants/peer/guidelines_general/Review_Human_subjects_Inclusion.pdf 
  20. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Convention on the rights of the child text [Internet]. UNICEF; 1989 [cited 2024 Feb 13]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text
  21. European Commission. EU action on the rights of the child [Internet]. European Commission; 2022 [cited 2024 Feb 13]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text 
  22. Re AM, Tressoldi PE, Cornoldi C, Lucangeli D. Which tasks best discriminate between dyslexic university students and controls in a transparent language? Dyslexia 2011;17:227-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.431 
  23. Wechsler D. Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC-IV). 4th ed. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 1991. https://www.pearsonassessments.com/store/usassessments/en/Store/Professional-Assessments/Cognition-%26-Neuro/Wechsler-Intelligence-Scale-for-Children-%7C-Fourth-Edition/p/100000310.html
  24. dos Santos AAA, Muniz M, Rueda FJM, Martins RMM. Validity evidence for the 4th edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. PSICO 2018;49:1-11. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-43143-001  https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2018.1.27002
  25. Sartori G, Job R, Tressoldi PE. [Battery for the assessment of developmental dyslexia and dysorthographia]. Firenze: Giunti O.S.; 2007. Italian. https://discovery.sba.uniroma3.it/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=39RM_CABTRE:39CAB_V1&docid=alma990004659710202653&context=L&lang=it
  26. Tressoldi PE, Cornoldi C, Re AM. [BVSCO-2: battery for the assessment of writing and spelling proficiency-2]. Firenze: Giunti O.S.; 2013. Italian. https://discovery.sba.uniroma3.it/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=39RM_CABTRE:39CAB_V1&tab=Everything&docid=alma990005261330202653&context=L&lang=it 
  27. Cornoldi C, Lucangeli D, Perini N. [AC-MT 6-11-test for the evaluation of calculating and problem solving abilities]. Trento: Erickson; 2012. Italian. https://www.erickson.it/it/acmt-611-anni-prove-perla-classe 
  28. Achenbach TM, Dumenci L. Advances in empirically based assessment: revised cross-informant syndromes and new DSM-oriented scales for the CBCL, YSR, and TRF: comment on Lengua, Sadowksi, Friedrich, and Fischer (2001). J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;69:699-702. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.69.4.699 
  29. Achenbach TM. Manual for child behavior checklist 4-18, 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry; 1991. https://www.amazon.com/Manual-Child-Behavior-Checklist-Profile/dp/0938565087
  30. Achenbach TM, Edelbrock C, Howell CT. Empirically based assessment of the behavioral/emotional problems of 2- and 3- year-old children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987;15:629-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00917246 
  31. Achenbach TM. Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry; 1991. https://search.worldcat.org/ko/title/Manual-for-the-Teacher's-Report-Form-and-1991-profile/oclc/476395212 
  32. Ackerman JL, Proffit WR, Sarver DM. The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Clin Orthod Res 1999;2:49-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.1999.2.2.49 
  33. Salzmann JA. The angle classification as a parameter of malocclusion. Am J Orthod 1965;51:465-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(65)90243-5 
  34. Vajaria R, BeGole E, Kusnoto B, Galang MT, Obrez A. Evaluation of incisor position and dental transverse dimensional changes using the Damon system. Angle Orthod 2011;81:647-52. https://doi.org/10.2319/071910-420.1 
  35. Littlewood SJ, Mitchell L. An introduction to orthodontics. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2019. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/an-introduction-to-orthodontics-9780198808664?cc=kr&lang=en&  
  36. Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F. Malocclusion and occlusal traits in an urban Iranian population. An epidemiological study of 11- to 14-year-old children. Eur J Orthod 2009;31:477-84. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjp031 
  37. Emodi-Perlman A, Eli I, Friedman-Rubin P, Goldsmith C, Reiter S, Winocur E. Bruxism, oral parafunctions, anamnestic and clinical findings of temporomandibular disorders in children. J Oral Rehabil 2012;39:126-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2011.02254.x 
  38. Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Glaros AG, Kato T, Koyano K, Lavigne GJ, et al. Bruxism defined and graded: an international consensus. J Oral Rehabil 2013;40:2-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12011 
  39. Brookes RL, Stirling J. The cerebellar deficit hypothesis and dyslexic tendencies in a non-clinical sample. Dyslexia 2005;11:174-85. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.293 
  40. Fawcett AJ, Nicolson RI, Dean P. Impaired performance of children with dyslexia on a range of cerebellar tasks. Ann Dyslexia 1996;46:259-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02648179 
  41. Fawcett AJ, Nicolson RI. Performance of dyslexic children on cerebellar and cognitive tests. J Mot Behav 1999;31:68-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222899909601892 
  42. Fiez JA, Petersen SE, Cheney MK, Raichle ME. Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damage. A single case study. Brain 1992;115(1):155-78. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/115.1.155 
  43. Goncalves FM, Taveira KVM, Araujo CM, Ravazzi GMNC, Guariza Filho O, Zeigelboim BS, et al. Association between atypical swallowing and malocclusions: a systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod 2023;27:e2221285. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.27.6.e2221285.oar 
  44. Dillon M, D'Souza E, Edwards I. Neurodiversity and orthodontic treatment. Orthod Update 2022;15:132-5. https://doi.org/10.12968/ortu.2022.15.3.132 
  45. Cabaraux P, Agrawal SK, Cai H, Calabro RS, Casali C, Damm L, et al. Consensus paper: ataxic gait. Cerebellum 2023;22:394-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-022-01373-9 Erratum in: Cerebellum 2023;22:431-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-022-01413-4 
  46. Cenzato N, Nobili A, Maspero C. Prevalence of dental malocclusions in different geographical areas: scoping review. Dent J (Basel) 2021;9:117. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9100117 
  47. Alessandri-Bonetti A, Guglielmi F, Deledda G, Sangalli L, Brogna C, Gallenzi P. Malocclusions, sleep bruxism, and obstructive sleep apnea risk in pediatric ADHD patients: a prospective study. J Atten Disord 2024;28:1017-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547231226139
  48. Lavigne GJ, Khoury S, Abe S, Yamaguchi T, Raphael K. Bruxism physiology and pathology: an overview for clinicians. J Oral Rehabil 2008;35:476-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2008.01881.x
  49. Okumus HG, Akdemir D. Body focused repetitive behavior disorders: behavioral models and neurobiological mechanisms. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2023;34:50-9. https://doi.org/10.5080/u26213 
  50. Jenkins DG, Quintana-Ascencio PF. A solution to minimum sample size for regressions. PLoS One 2020;15:e0229345. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229345