Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

  • 제34권6호
  • /
  • Pages.1206-1213
  • /
  • 2024
  • /
  • 1017-7825(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1738-8872(eISSN)
한국미생물·생명공학회 (The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluating the Nutritional Composition of Unripe Citrus and Its Effect on Inhibiting Adipogenesis and Adipocyte Differentiation

  • Sunghee Kim (Research Institute of Tailored Food Technology, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Eunbi Lee (School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Juhye Park (School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Ju-Ock Nam (Research Institute of Tailored Food Technology, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Soo Rin Kim (Research Institute of Tailored Food Technology, Kyungpook National University)
  • 투고 : 2024.03.11
  • 심사 : 2024.04.09
  • 발행 : 2024.06.28
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Citrus fruits offer a range of health benefits due to their rich nutritional profile, including vitamin C, flavonoids, carotenoids, and fiber. It is known that unripe citrus has higher levels of vitamin C, dietary fiber, polyphenols, and flavonoids compared to mature fruits. In this study, we assessed the nutritional components of unripe citrus peel and pressed juices, as well as their anti-obesity potential through the modulation of adipocyte differentiation and the expression of adipogenesis-related genes, specifically PPARγ and C/EBPα, in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Our analysis revealed that unripe citrus peel exhibited elevated levels of fiber and protein compared to pressed juice, with markedly low levels of free sugar, particularly sucrose. The content of hesperidin, a representative flavonoid in citrus fruits, was 3,157.6 mg/kg in unripe citrus peel and 455.5 mg/kg in pressed juice, indicating that it was approximately seven times higher in unripe citrus peel compared to pressed juice. Moreover, we observed that the peel had a dose-dependently inhibitory effect on adipocyte differentiation, which was linked to a significant downregulation of adipogenesis-related gene expression. Thus, our findings suggest that unripe citrus possesses anti-obesity effects by impeding adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation, with the peel demonstrating a more pronounced effect compared to pressed juice.

키워드

과제정보

This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and Startups (MSS), Korea, under the "Regional Specialized Industry Development Plus Program (R&D, S3369111)" supervised by the Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency for SMEs (TIPA).

참고문헌

  1. Han TS, Lean ME. 2016. A clinical perspective of obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. JRSM Cardiovasc. Dis. 5: 2048004016633371. 
  2. Esser N, Legrand-Poels S, Piette J, Scheen AJ, Paquot N. 2014. Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res. Clin. Practice 105: 141-150.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.006
  3. Mohajan D, Mohajan HK. 2023. Obesity and its related diseases: a new escalating alarming in global health. J. Innov. Med. Res. 2: 12-23.  https://doi.org/10.56397/JIMR/2023.03.04
  4. Tchang BG, Aras M, Kumar RB, Aronne LJ. 2015. Pharmacologic treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. In: Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000. 
  5. Verpeut JL, Bello NT. 2014. Drug safety evaluation of naltrexone/bupropion for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 13: 831-841.  https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2014.909405
  6. Hollywood A, Ogden J. 2011. Taking orlistat: predicting weight loss over 6 months. J. Obes. 2011: 806896. 
  7. Padwal RS, Majumdar SR. 2007. Drug treatments for obesity: orlistat, sibutramine, and rimonabant. Lancet 369: 71-77.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60033-6
  8. Smith SM, Meyer M, Trinkley KE. 2013. Phentermine/topiramate for the treatment of obesity. Ann. Pharmacother. 47: 340-349.  https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1R501
  9. Serra D, Mera P, Malandrino MI, Mir JF, Herrero L. 2013. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in obesity. Antioxidants Redox Signal. 19: 269-284.  https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.4875
  10. Suzuki K, Jayasena CN, Bloom SR. 2012. Obesity and appetite control. J. Diabetes Res. 2012. 
  11. Zhang WL, Zhu L, Jiang JG. 2014. Active ingredients from natural botanicals in the treatment of obesity. Obes. Rev. 15: 957-967.  https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12228
  12. Lafontan M. 2014. Adipose tissue and adipocyte dysregulation. Diabetes Metab. 40: 16-28.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2013.08.002
  13. Siersbaek R, Nielsen R, Mandrup S. 2010. PPARγ in adipocyte differentiation and metabolism-novel insights from genome-wide studies. FEBS Lett. 584: 3242-3249.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2010.06.010
  14. Saini RK, Ranjit A, Sharma K, Prasad P, Shang X, Gowda KGM, et al. 2022. Bioactive compounds of citrus fruits: a review of composition and health benefits of carotenoids, flavonoids, limonoids, and terpenes. Antioxidants 11: 239. 
  15. Addi M, Elbouzidi A, Abid M, Tungmunnithum D, Elamrani A, Hano C. 2021. An overview of bioactive flavonoids from citrus fruits. Appl. Sci. 12: 29. 
  16. Kang YJ, Yang MH, Ko WJ, Park SR, Lee BG. 2005. Studies on the major components and antioxidative properties of whole fruit powder and juice prepared from premature mandarin orange. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 37: 783-788. 
  17. Suri S, Singh A, Nema PK. 2022. Current applications of citrus fruit processing waste: a scientific outlook. Appl. Food Res. 2: 100050. 
  18. Alnaimy A, Gad A, Mustafa M, Atta M, Basuony H. 2017. Using of citrus by-products in farm animals feeding. Open Access Journal of Science. 1: 58-67.  https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2017.01.00014
  19. Lu X, Zhao C, Shi H, Liao Y, Xu F, Du H, et al. 2023. Nutrients and bioactives in citrus fruits: different citrus varieties, fruit parts, and growth stages. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 63: 2018-2041. 
  20. Lee S, Kim HJ. 2022. Antioxidant activities of premature and mature mandarin (Citrus unshiu) peel and juice extracts. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 31: 627-633.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-022-01064-5
  21. Oliveira AKdS, de Oliveira e Silva AM, Pereira RO, Santos AS, Barbosa Junior EV, Bezerra MT, et al. 2022. Anti-obesity properties and mechanism of action of flavonoids: a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 62: 7827-7848  https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1919051
  22. Kim HN, Ko SB, Kim BS. 2021. Economic impacts of the increase in green immature citrus demand on Jeju field citrus industry. J. Korea Acad. Ind. Cooper. Soc. 22: 108-114. 
  23. Yi HY, Cha ES, Chun JY. 2021. Quality characteristics of immature Citrus unshiu juice jelly. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 50: 410-419.  https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2021.50.4.410
  24. Lee SL, Joo SY. 2021. Effects of premature mandarin powder on the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of scone. Korean J. Food Preserv. 28: 231-239.  https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2021.28.2.231
  25. Yi MR, Hwang JH, Oh YS, Oh HJ, Lim SB. 2014. Quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of immature Citrus unshiu vinegar. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 43: 250-257.  https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.2.250
  26. Horwitz W, Latimer GW. 2000. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, Ed. AOAC international Gaithersburg. 
  27. Papathanasopoulos A, Camilleri M. 2010. Dietary fiber supplements: effects in obesity and metabolic syndrome and relationship to gastrointestinal functions. Gastroenterology 138: 65-72. e62.  https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.045
  28. Ku KH, Lee KA, Choi JH. 2015. Sensory properties of satsuma mandarin by quantitative descriptive analysis. Korean J. Food Preserv. 22: 241-250.  https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2015.22.2.241
  29. Andrade MA, Barbosa CH, Shah MA, Ahmad N, Vilarinho F, Khwaldia K, et al. 2022. Citrus by-products: valuable source of bioactive compounds for food applications. Antioxidants 12: 38. 
  30. Kamal MM, Kumar J, Mamun MAH, Ahmed MNU, Shishir MRI, Mondal SC. 2021. Extraction and characterization of pectin from citrus sinensis peel. J. Biosyst. Eng. 46: 16-25.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42853-021-00084-z
  31. Gillespie KM, Kemps E, White MJ, Bartlett SE. 2023. The impact of free sugar on human health-A narrative review. Nutrients 15: 889. 
  32. Lado J, Gambetta G, Zacarias L. 2018. Key determinants of citrus fruit quality: metabolites and main changes during maturation. Sci. Horticulturae 233: 238-248.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.01.055
  33. Levaj B, Dragovic-Uzelac V, Bursac Kovacevic D, Krasnici N. 2009. Determination of flavonoids in pulp and peel of mandarin fruits. Agric. Conspectus Scientificus. 74: 221-225. 
  34. Zhu C, Zhou X, Long C, Du Y, Li J, Yue J, et al. 2020. Variations of flavonoid composition and antioxidant properties among different cultivars, fruit tissues and developmental stages of citrus fruits. Chem. Biodiver. 17: e1900690. 
  35. Gattuso G, Barreca D, Gargiulli C, Leuzzi U, Caristi C. 2007. Flavonoid composition of citrus juices. Molecules 12: 1641-1673.  https://doi.org/10.3390/12081641
  36. Cheigh CI, Chung EY, Chung MS. 2012. Enhanced extraction of flavanones hesperidin and narirutin from Citrus unshiu peel using subcritical water. J. Food Eng. 110: 472-477.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.12.019
  37. Kim JW, Jeon YJ, Lee JH, Lee SC. 2006. Effect of far-infrared irradiation and heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of extracts from citrus pomaces. Appl. Biol. Chem. 49: 60-64. 
  38. Zhang L, Ling W, Yan Z, Liang Y, Guo C, Ouyang Z, et al. 2020. Effects of storage conditions and heat treatment on the hesperidin concentration in Newhall navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Newhall) juice. J. Food Compos. Anal. 85: 103338. 
  39. Rosen ED. 2005. The transcriptional basis of adipocyte development. Prostaglandins. Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 73: 31-34.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2005.04.004
  40. Song EK, Lee YR, Kim YR, Yeom JH, Yoo CH, Kim HK, et al. 2012. NAADP mediates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and insulin sensitization by PPARγ in adipocytes. Cell Rep. 2: 1607-1619.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2012.10.018
  41. Koutnikova H, Auwerx J. 2001. Regulation of adipocyte differentiation. Ann. Med. 33: 556-561.  https://doi.org/10.3109/07853890108995966
  42. Kim JK, Jeong HW, Kim AY, Hong YD, Lee JH, Choi JK, et al. 2019. Green satsuma mandarin orange (Citrus unshiu) extract reduces adiposity and induces uncoupling protein expression in skeletal muscle of obese mice. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 28: 873-879.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-018-0503-1
  43. Lee SY, Kim MH, Bae CS, Choi HJ, Ma EH, Park SJ, et al. 2023. Unripe Citrus unshiu peel inhibited pre-adipocyte's differentiation via leptin-PPARγ/FAS pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines' release. J. Funct. Foods 107: 105681.