Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics (한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지)

The Korean Society of Superconductivity and Cryogenics (한국초전도저온학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Mechanical and thermal properties of 3D printing metallic materials at cryogenic temperatures

  • Received : 2024.06.12
  • Accepted : 2024.06.29
  • Published : 2024.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Metal 3D printing is utilized in various industrial fields due to its advantages, such as fewer restrictions on production shape and reduced production time and cost. Existing research on 3D printing metal materials focused on changes in material properties depending on manufacturing conditions and was mainly conducted in a room temperature environment. In order to apply metal 3D printing products to cryogenic applications, research on the properties of materials in cryogenic environments is necessary but still insufficient. In this study, we evaluate the properties of stainless steel (STS) 316L and CuCr1Zr manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) in a cryogenic environment. CuCr1Zr is a precipitation hardening alloy, and changes in material properties were compared by applying various heat treatment conditions. The mechanical properties of materials manufactured using the LBPF method are evaluated through tensile tests at room temperature and cryogenic temperature (77 K), and the thermal properties are evaluated by deriving the thermal conductivity of CuCr1Zr according to various heat treatment conditions. In a cryogenic environment, the mechanical strength of STS 316L and CuCr1Zr increased by about 150% compared to room temperature, and the thermal conductivity of CuCr1Zr after heat treatment increased by about 6 to 10 times compared to before heat treatment at 40 K.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2019R1A5A8083201)

References

  1. Thabiso Peter Mpofu, Cephas Mawere, and Macdonald Mukosera, "The impact and application of 3D printing technology," International Journal of Science and Research, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 2146-2152, 2014.
  2. Yahya Bozkurt and Elif Karayel, "3D printing technology; methods, biomedical applications, future opportunities and trends," Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 14, pp. 1430-1450, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.07.050
  3. Mohammad Suhel Karkun and Sathish Dharmalingam, "3D printing technology in aerospace industry - a review," International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, vol. 9, no. 2, Article 4, 2022.
  4. Amanda S. Wu, et al., "An experimental investigation into additive manufacturing-induced residual stresses in 316L stainless steel," Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 45, pp. 6260-6270, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2549-x
  5. Erica Liverani, et al., "Effect of selective laser melting (SLM) process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 249, pp. 255-263, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.05.042
  6. Mia Rismalia, et al., "Infill pattern and density effects on the tensile properties of 3D printed PLA material," Journal of Physics: Conference Series., vol. 1402, no. 4, 2019.
  7. T. Ogata, "Hydrogen embrittlement evaluation in tensile properties of stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures," AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 986, no. 1, American Institute of Physics, 2008.
  8. Thorsten Michler, et al., "Microstructural properties controlling hydrogen environment embrittlement of cold worked 316 type austenitic stainless steels," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 628, pp. 252-261, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.01.054
  9. J. Sas, K. P. Weiss, and A. Jung, "The Mechanical and material properties of 316LN austenitic stainless steel for the fusion application in cryogenic temperatures," IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, vol. 102, no. 1, IOP Publishing, 2015.
  10. Nerea Ordas, et al., "Development of CuCrZr via electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF)," Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 548, pp. 152841, 2021.
  11. Zezhou Kuai, et al., "Selective laser melting of CuCrZr alloy: Processing optimisation, microstructure and mechanical properties," Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 19, pp. 4915-4931, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.158
  12. Xiangpeng Tang, et al., "The current state of CuCrZr and CuCrNb alloys manufactured by additive manufacturing: A review," Materials & Design, vol. 224, pp. 111419, 2022.
  13. Xiaohui Chen, et al., "Effect of heat treatment on microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of austenitic stainless steel 316L using arc additive manufacturing," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 715, pp. 307-314, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.002
  14. Robert Bidulsky, et al., "Case study of the tensile fracture investigation of additive manufactured austenitic stainless steels treated at cryogenic conditions," Materials, vol. 13, no. 15, pp. 3328, 2020.
  15. A. D. Ivanov, et al., "Effect of heat treatments on the properties of CuCrZr alloys," Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 307, pp. 673-676, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01110-8
  16. Christopher Wallis and Bruno Buchmayr, "Effect of heat treatments on microstructure and properties of CuCrZr produced by laser-powder bed fusion," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 744, pp. 215-223, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.12.017
  17. Zhibo Ma, et al., "Selective laser melting of Cu-Cr-Zr copper alloy: Parameter optimization, microstructure and mechanical properties," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 828, pp. 154350, 2020.
  18. Katrin Jahns, et al., "Additive manufacturing of CuCr1Zr by development of a gas atomization and laser powder bed fusion routine," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 107, no. 5, pp. 2151-2161, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04941-7
  19. Thomas Wegener, et al., "CuCrZr processed by laser powder bed fusion - Processability and influence of heat treatment on electrical conductivity, microstructure and mechanical properties," Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 2570-2590, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13527
  20. Yuchao Bai, et al., "Additively manufactured CuCrZr alloy: Microstructure, mechanical properties and machinability," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 819, pp. 141528, 2021.
  21. Congyuan Zeng, et al., "Tensile properties of additively manufactured C-18150 copper alloys," Metals and Materials International, vol. 28, pp. 168-180, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-021-01052-0
  22. T. Fiedler, et al., "High conductive copper alloys for additive manufacturing," Progress in Additive Manufacturing, pp. 1-10, 2023.
  23. Chor Yen Yap, et al., "Review of selective laser melting: Materials and applications," Applied Physics Reviews, vol. 2, no. 4, 2015.
  24. Swee Leong Sing, et al., "Laser and electron-beam powder-bed additive manufacturing of metallic implants: A review on processes, materials and designs," Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 369-385, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23075
  25. "Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials," ASTM E8/E8M-13a (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, approved August 1, 2016)
  26. ASTM A473-15, "Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings," May 12, 2016.
  27. Hicham Laribou, et al., "Effects of the impact of a low temperature nitrogen jet on metallic surfaces," Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 468, no. 2147, pp. 3601-3619, 2012.
  28. Riccardo Casati, J. Lemke, and Maurizio Vedani, "Microstructure and fracture behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel produced by selective laser melting," Journal of Materials Science & Technology, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 738-744, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2016.06.016
  29. Pragya Mishra, et al., "Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF Processed 316 L at Cryogenic Temperature," Materials, vol. 14, no. 19, pp. 5856, 2021.
  30. "Data Sheet CuCr1Zr," Copper Alliance, Deutsches Kupferinstitut, Duesseldorf, Germany, 2016.