Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship (벤처창업연구)

The Korean Society of Business Venturing (한국벤처창업학회)
권호 표지

Fostering Social Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy and Intention through Work Meaningfulness Found in Experiential Social Entrepreneurship Education: The Moderating Role of Social Class

사회적 창업교육 장면에서의 일 의미감 경험은 사회적 창업 효능감과 의도를 증진하는가?: 객관적 및 주관적 사회계층의 조절효과를 중심으로

  • Kawon Kim (Department of Psychology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Seoyoung Park (Department of Psychology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Nayeon Lee (Department of Psychology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Jihyun Koo (Department of Psychology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Hee Chan Yoon (Department of Psychology, Seoul National University)
  • 김가원 (서울대학교 심리학과 ) ;
  • 박서영 (서울대학교 심리학과) ;
  • 이나연 (서울대학교 심리학과 ) ;
  • 구지현 (서울대학교 심리학과 ) ;
  • 윤희찬 (서울대학교 심리학과 )
  • Received : 2024.05.10
  • Accepted : 2024.06.17
  • Published : 2024.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Experiential social entrepreneurship education offers participants opportunities for active engagement in social entrepreneurial activities. Highlighting the significance of psychosocial experiences within the program, this study examines work meaningfulness discovered in this process as the antecedent to forming social entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, drawing on social cognitive career theory that emphasizes the role of agency in career decisions, we propose social entrepreneurial self-efficacy as the underlying mechanism and social class as the moderating factor in the relationship between work meaningfulness and social entrepreneurial intention formation. The propositions were tested with a two-wave survey dataset collected among 145 university students taking part in an experiential social entrepreneurship program in South Korea. Our results indicate that work meaningfulness positively affects social entrepreneurial self-efficacy, which subsequently promotes social entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, when participants' social class, measured by either household income or perceived rank, is lower, the positive effect of work meaningfulness on social entrepreneurial self-efficacy as well as intention is amplified. Theoretically, these findings shed light on the crucial role of work meaningfulness in strengthening potential entrepreneurs' agency in the domain of social entrepreneurship, particularly for those from lower classes. Practically, we provide guidelines for designing an inclusive experiential social entrepreneurship program that allows participants to find meaningfulness by realizing their strengths and justifying their prosocial contribution.

체험형 사회적 창업교육은 실제 사회적 창업활동 경험을 제공함으로써 사회적 기업 창업에 대한 참가자의 심리사회적 이해를 촉진할 수 있다. 본 연구는 체험형 사회적 창업교육 장면에서 참가자가 경험한 일 의미감에 주목하여 일 의미감이 사회적 창업 효능감과 사회적 창업의도 형성에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 또한 진로결정에 있어 주체성의 역할을 강조하는 사회인지진로이론에 기반하여 일 의미감과 사회적 창업 효능감 간 관계에서 사회적 창업 교육 참가자의 사회적 계층이 미치는 조절효과를 탐색하였다. 국내 체험형 사회적 창업 교육에 참여 중인 대학생을 대상으로 두 시점에 걸쳐 조사를 시행하였다. 145명에 대한 자료를 분석한 결과, 첫째, 일 의미감과 사회적 창업 효능감 간 유의한 정적 관계가 확인되었다. 둘째, 교육 참가자의 객관적, 주관적 사회계층 지표가 낮을수록 일 의미감과 사회적 창업 효능감 간 정적 관계가 강화되었다. 셋째, 일 의미감은 사회적 창업 효능감 향상을 매개로 교육 참가자의 사회적 창업 의도 형성을 증진하였으며 해당 간접효과는 교육 참가자의 객관적, 주관적 사회계층 지표가 낮을수록 강하게 나타났다. 본 연구의 의의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 창업교육 장면에서 일 의미감의 효과를 검증함으로써 체험형 창업 활동에 수반되는 주관적 심리적 경험의 중요성을 밝혔다. 둘째, 일 의미감과 사회적 창업 의도 간 관계에서 사회계층과 사회적 창업 효능감의 조절된 매개효과를 탐구하여 사회적 창업 진로 결정에서 주체성의 역할과 그 변화가능성을 조명하였다. 마지막으로 일 의미감 경험 조성을 통해 다양한 배경의 후속세대 창업가를 육성할 수 있는 포용적 사회적 창업교육 프로그램 설계 방안에 대한 실용적 함의를 제공하였다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the New Faculty Startup Fund from Seoul National University #200-20210018.

References

  1. Adebusuyi, A. S., & Adebusuyi, O. F.(2020). The influence of social class on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Small Enterprise Research, 27(3), 259-274.
  2. Adler, N. E., & Snibbe, A. C.(2003). The role of psychosocial processes in explaining the gradient between socioeconomic status and health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(4), 119-123.
  3. Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R.(2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White Women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 586-592.
  4. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G.(1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  5. Audretsch, D. B., Bonte, W., & Tamvada, J. P.(2013). Religion, social class, and entrepreneurial choice. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(6), 774-789.
  6. Austin, J., Stevenson, H., & Wei-Skillern, J.(2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: same, different, or both?. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 1-22.
  7. Azqueta, A., Sanz-Ponce, R., & Nunez-Canal, M.(2023). Trends and Opportunities in Social Entrepreneurship Education Research. Administrative Sciences, 13(11), 232.
  8. Bacq, S., & Alt, E.(2018). Feeling capable and valued: A prosocial perspective on the link between empathy and social entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(3), 333-350.
  9. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y.(1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
  10. Bandura, A.(1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175-1184.
  11. Cheah, J. S., Loh, S., & Gunasekaran, A.(2023). Motivational catalysts: the dominant role between prosocial personality and social entrepreneurial intentions among university students. Social Enterprise Journal, 19(5), 555-574.
  12. Chivers, D.(2017). Success, survive or escape? Aspirations and poverty traps. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 143, 116-132.
  13. Choi, H., & Lee., J.(2017). Validation of Korean Version of Working As Meaning Inventory. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 31(4), 1-25.
  14. Cote, S.(2011). How social class shapes thoughts and actions in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 43-71.
  15. DeOrtentiis, P. S., Van Iddekinge, C. H., & Wanberg, C. R.(2022). Different starting lines, different finish times: The role of social class in the job search process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(3), 444-457.
  16. DeSimone, J. A., Harms, P. D., & DeSimone, A. J.(2015). Best practice recommendations for data screening. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(2), 171-181.
  17. Dorado, S.(2006). Social entrepreneurial ventures: Different values so different process of creation, no? Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11(4), 319-343.
  18. Douglas, H.(2015). Designing social entrepreneurship education. International Journal of Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 3(5), 362-373.
  19. Fang, R. T., & Saks, A. M.(2021). Class advantage in the white-collar labor market: An investigation of social class background, job search strategies, and job search success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(11), 1695-1713.
  20. Fernhaber, S. A.(2022). Actively engaging with social entrepreneurs: The social enterprise audit. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 5(2), 192-207.
  21. Grant, A. M., & Sumanth, J. J.(2009). Mission possible? The performance of prosocially motivated employees depends on manager trustworthiness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 927-944.
  22. Harackiewicz, J. M., Canning, E. A., Tibbetts, Y., Giffen, C. J., Blair, S. S., Rouse, D. I., & Hyde, J. S.(2014). Closing the social class achievement gap for first-generation students in undergraduate biology. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(2), 375-389.
  23. Hayes, A. F.(2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-based Approach. New York: Guilford Press.
  24. Hockerts, K.(2017). Determinants of social entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(1), 105-130.
  25. Hockerts, K.(2018). The effect of experiential social entrepreneurship education on intention formation in students. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 234-256.
  26. Hong, S., & Kim, B. K.(2023). How Do We Determine One's Social Status? Social Class Differences in the Perception of Social Status. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 37(1), 45-68.
  27. Hossain, M. U., Arefin, M. S., & Yukongdi, V.(2024). Personality traits, social self-efficacy, social support, and social entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of gender. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 119-139.
  28. Howorth, C., Smith, S. M., & Parkinson, C.(2012). Social learning and social entrepreneurship education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11(3), 371-389.
  29. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M.(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
  30. Kickul, J., Mitra, P., Weaver, R. L., Orr, J., & Winkler, C.(2022). Special issue on social entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 5(2), 186-191.
  31. Kim, A., Moon, C. W., Kim, S. K., Koh, Y. S., & Shin, J.(2020). An empirical investigation on the psychological antecedents of social entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 10(3), 20170129.
  32. Kim, K., Zong, K. S., & Yoon, H. C.(2023). Social Class and Potential Entrepreneurs' Social Entrepreneurial Intention: Underlying Mechanisms of Communal Narcissism and Social Entrepreneurial Identity Aspiration. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 18(5), 123-139.
  33. Koe Hwee Nga, J., & Shamuganathan, G.(2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(2), 259-282.
  34. Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A.(2005). Learning styles and learning spaces: Enhancing experiential learning in higher education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4(2), 193-212.
  35. Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D.(2009). Social class, sense of control, and social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 992-1004.
  36. Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D.(2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: how the rich are different from the poor. Psychological Review, 119(3), 546-572.
  37. Krueger Jr, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L.(2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432.
  38. Kruse, P.(2020). Can there only be one?-an empirical comparison of four models on social entrepreneurial intention formation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(2), 641-665.
  39. Lee, C., & Oh, H.(2017). An Effect of Compassion, Moral Obligation on Social Entrepreneurial Intention: Examining the Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 12(5), 127-139.
  40. Lee, N., Park, S., & Kim, K.(2024). Psychological Predictors of Social Entrepreneurial Intention among Participants in Experiential Social Entrepreneurship Education: Learning Goal Orientation, Meaning at Work, Bottom-line Mentality Climate Perception. The Journal of Korean Career Entrepreneurship & Business Association, 8(2), 153-174.
  41. Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G.(1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79-122.
  42. Lepisto, D. A., & Pratt, M. G.(2017). Meaningful work as realization and justification: Toward a dual conceptualization. Organizational Psychology Review, 7(2), 99-121.
  43. Lieff, S. J.(2009). Perspective: the missing link in academic career planning and development: pursuit of meaningful and aligned work. Academic Medicine, 84(10), 1383-1388.
  44. Loignon, A. C., & Woehr, D. J.(2018). Social class in the organizational sciences: A conceptual integration and meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 44(1), 61-88.
  45. Mair, J., & Marti, I.(2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36-44.
  46. Mair, J., & Noboa, E.(2006). Social entrepreneurship: How intentions to create a social venture are formed. Social entrepreneurshi. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  47. Mair, J., Robinson, J., & Hockerts, K.(2006). Social entrepreneurship. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  48. Martela, F., & Pessi, A. B.(2018). Significant work is about self-realization and broader purpose: Defining the key dimensions of meaningful work. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 307096.
  49. Martela, F., & Steger, M. F.(2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 531-545.
  50. Martin, S. R., & Harrison, S. H.(2022). Upward mobility, the cleft habitus, and speaking up: How class transitions relate to individual and organizational antecedents of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 65(3), 813-841.
  51. OK, J. W., Hyun, B. H., Chang, E. S., & Yang, J. M.(2020). A study on the effect of social support on entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial behaviors: mediating effects of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 151-165.
  52. Ostrove, J. M., Adler, N. E., Kuppermann, M., & Washington, A. E.(2000). Objective and subjective assessments of socioeconomic status and their relationship to self-rated health in an ethnically diverse sample of pregnant women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 613-618.
  53. Peredo, A. M., & McLean, M.(2006). Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 56-65.
  54. Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N.(2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
  55. Politis, K., Ketikidis, P., Diamantidis, A. D., & Lazuras, L.(2016). An investigation of social entrepreneurial intentions formation among South-East European postgraduate students. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(4), 1120-1141.
  56. Pratt, M. G., & Ashforth, B. E.(2003). Fostering meaningfulness inworking and at work. Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline, 309, 327.
  57. Pyun, S. W.(2018). Revisiting the social class: Focusing on the conceptualization and measurement in psychology. Korean Psychological Journal of Culture and Social Issues, 24(1), 101-130.
  58. Qiang, R., Li, X., & Han, Q.(2021). The relationship between social class and generalized trust: the mediating role of sense of control. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 729083.
  59. Rosseel, Y.(2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36.
  60. Rosso, B. D., Dekas, K. H., & Wrzesniewski, A.(2010). On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and review. Research in Organizational Behavior, 30, 91-127.
  61. Saebi, T., Foss, N. J., & Linder, S.(2019). Social entrepreneurship research: Past achievements and future promises. Journal of Management, 45(1), 70-95.
  62. Saegert, S. C., Adler, N. E., Bullock, H. E., Cauce, A. M., Liu, W. M., & Wyche, K. F.(2007). Report of the APA Task Force on Socioeconomic Status. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  63. Seibert, S. E., Nielsen, J. D., & Kraimer, M. L.(2021). Awakening the entrepreneur within: Entrepreneurial identity aspiration and the role of displacing work events. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(8), 1224-1238.
  64. Smith, I. H., & Woodworth, W. P.(2012). Developing social entrepreneurs and social innovators: A social identity and self-efficacy approach. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11(3), 390-407.
  65. Steger, M. F., Dik, B. J., & Duffy, R. D.(2012). Measuring meaningful work: The work and meaning inventory (WAMI). Journal of Career Assessment, 20(3), 322-337.
  66. Stephan, U., Tavares, S. M., Carvalho, H., Ramalho, J. J., Santos, S. C., & Van Veldhoven, M.(2020). Self-employment and eudaimonic well-being: Energized by meaning, enabled by societal legitimacy. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(6), 106047.
  67. Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Fryberg, S. A.(2012). Social class disparities in health and education: reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior. Psychological Review, 119(4), 723-744.
  68. Tan, L. P., Le, A. N. H., & Xuan, L. P.(2020). A systematic literature review on social entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 11(3), 241-256.
  69. Tan, L. P., Pham, L. X., & Bui, T. T.(2021). Personality traits and social entrepreneurial intention: the mediating effect of perceived desirability and perceived feasibility. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 30(1), 56-80.
  70. Thompson, E. R.(2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669-694.
  71. Townsend, S. S., Stephens, N. M., Smallets, S., & Hamedani, M. G.(2019). Empowerment through difference: An online difference-education intervention closes the social class achievement gap. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(7), 1068-1083.
  72. Tracey, P., & Phillips, N.(2007). The distinctive challenge of educating social entrepreneurs: A postscript and rejoinder to the special issue on entrepreneurship education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6(2), 264-271.
  73. Tran, A. T., & Von Korflesch, H.(2016). A conceptual model of social entrepreneurial intention based on the social cognitive career theory. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 17-38.
  74. Tu, B., Bhowmik, R., Hasan, M. K., Asheq, A. A., Rahaman, M. A., & Chen, X.(2021). Graduate students' behavioral intention towards social entrepreneurship: Role of social vision, innovativeness, social proactiveness, and risk taking. Sustainability, 13(11), 6386.
  75. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K.(2002). Self-esteem and socioeconomic status: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(1), 59-71.
  76. Yamini, R., Soloveva, D., & Peng, X.(2022). What inspires social entrepreneurship? The role of prosocial motivation, intrinsic motivation, and gender in forming social entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 12(2), 71-105.
  77. Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E.(2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272.