Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine (대한예방한의학회지)

Society of Preventive Korean Medicine (대한예방한의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Cold Feet and Sleep Quality : An Exploratory Study Using Polysomnography and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

족냉과 수면의 질 : 수면다원검사와 피츠버그 수면의 질 지수를 이용한 탐색적 연구

  • Kwang-Ho Bae (KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine) ;
  • Ki-Hyun Park (KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine) ;
  • Il-Koo Ahn (KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine) ;
  • Su-Eun Lim (KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine) ;
  • Siwoo Lee (KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine)
  • 배광호 (한국한의학연구원 한의약데이터부 ) ;
  • 박기현 (한국한의학연구원 한의약데이터부 ) ;
  • 안일구 (한국한의학연구원 한의약데이터부 ) ;
  • 임수은 (한국한의학연구원 한의약데이터부 ) ;
  • 이시우 (한국한의학연구원 한의약데이터부 )
  • Received : 2024.03.16
  • Accepted : 2024.04.08
  • Published : 2024.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cold feet and sleep quality using polysomnography (PSG) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Methods : We divided 11 adults (6 females, 5 males) with Insomnia Severity Index score below 21 into cold feet (CF) and a non-cold feet (NCF) group based on the median feet temperature (Taichong, LR3). PSG and PSQI were administered to assess sleep characteristics and subjective sleep quality. Results : CF group exhibited significantly lower time in bed, sleep period time, and total sleep time compared to NCF group. While there were no significant group differences in sleep latency, wakefulness after sleep onset, or total arousal index, NCF group had significantly lower minimum oxygen saturation and apnea-hypopnea index in REM (rapid eye movement) sleep compared to CF group. Although the PSQI score and the proportion of poor sleepers were both higher in the CF group (7.40 and 80%) compared to the NCF group (5.50 and 50%), these differences did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions : This study showed that foot temperature affects sleep characteristics and suggests the need to utilize PSG in sleep research in Korean medicine.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 2024년도 한국한의학연구원 기관주요사업인 "빅데이터 기반 한의 예방치료 원천기술 개발"(Grant No. KSN1732121)의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임

References

  1. Shokri-Kojori, E., Wang, G.J., Wiers, C.E., Demiral, S.B., Guo, M., Kim, S.W., Lindgren, E., Ramirez, V., Zehra, A., Freeman, C., Miller, G., Manza, P., Srivastava, T., Santi, S.D., Tomasi, D., Benveniste, H., Volkow, N.D. β-Amyloid accumulation in the human brain after one night of sleep deprivation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2018;115(17):4483-8.  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721694115
  2. Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., Born, J. Sleep and immune function. Pflügers Archiv. 2012;463(1):121-37.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-011-1044-0
  3. Harding, E.C., Franks, N.P., Wisden, W. Sleep and thermoregulation. Current opinion in physiology. 2020;15:7-13.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.11.008
  4. McArdle, N., Reynolds, A.C., Hillman, D., Moses, E., Maddison, K., Melton, P., Eastwood, P. Prevalence of common sleep disorders in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of clinical sleep medicine. 2022;18(6):1503-14.  https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.9886
  5. Ohayon, M.M. Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep medicine reviews. 2002;6(2):97-111.  https://doi.org/10.1053/smrv.2002.0186
  6. Hong, H.W., Lee, S.D., Gam, C.W., Park, D.I. Clinical Study of Sanjoin-Tang on Insomnia Patients with Cerebrovascular Accident. Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine. 2004;18(6):1927-32. 
  7. Shih, H.I., Lin, C.C., Tu, Y.F., Chang, C.M., Hsu, H.C., Chi, C.H., Kao, C.H. An increased risk of reversible dementia may occur after zolpidem derivative use in the elderly population: a population-based case-control study. Medicine. 2015;94(17):e809. 
  8. Li, Z., Yin, S., Feng, J., Gao, X., Yang, Q., Zhu, F. Acupuncture combined with Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of perimenopausal insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2023;102(45):e35942. 
  9. World Health Organizaion. WHO international standard terminologies on traditional medicine in the western pacific region. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2007:112 
  10. Seo, B.N., Jeong, K.S., Baek, Y.H., Lee, S.W. Study on the Relationship between Cold type and Sleep Quality in Koreans. Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine. 2021;35(1):42-6.  https://doi.org/10.15188/kjopp.2021.02.35.1.42
  11. Sun, S. Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies (E-book). Taiwan: TCM Jiucheng. (available from https://jicheng.tw/tcm/book/%E5%82%99%E6%80%A5%E5%8D%83%E9%87%91%E8%A6%81%E6%96%B9/index.html) 
  12. Huh, T.Y., Ha, D.J., Kim, K.M. The Effect of Sayeok-san for Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine. 2021;42(4):547-62.  https://doi.org/10.22246/jikm.2021.42.4.547
  13. Krauchi, K., Cajochen, C., Werth, E., Wirz-Justice, A. Functional link between distal vasodilation and sleep-onset latency? American journal of physiology-Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 2000;278(3):R741-8.  https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.3.R741
  14. Pache, M., Krauchi, K., Cajochen, C., Wirz-Justice, A., Dubler, B., Flammer, J., Kaiser, H.J. Cold feet and prolonged sleep-onset latency in vasospastic syndrome. Lancet. 2001;358(9276):125-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05344-2
  15. Meyer, N., Harvey, A.G., Lockley, S.W., Dijk, D.J. Circadian rhythms and disorders of the timing of sleep. Lancet. 2022;400(10357):1061-78.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00877-7
  16. Morin, C.M., Belleville, G., Belanger, L., Ivers, H. The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011;34(5):601-8.  https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/34.5.601
  17. Hori, T., Sugita, Y., Koga, E., Shirakawa, S., Inoue, K., Uchida, S., Kuwahara, H., Kousaka, M., Kobayashi, T., Tsuji, Y., Terashima, M., Fukuda, K., Fukuda, N. Proposed supplements and amendments to 'A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects', the Rechtschaffen & Kales (1968) standard. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2001;55(3):305-10.  https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2001.00810.x
  18. Sohn, S.I., Kim, D.H., Lee, M.Y., Cho, Y.W. The reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Sleep and breathing. 2012;16(3):803-12.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-011-0579-9
  19. Buysse, D.J., Reynolds 3rd, C.F., Monk, T.H., Berman, S.R., Kupfer, D.J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry research. 1989;28(2):193-213.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
  20. Bae, K.H., Jang, E.S., Park, K.H., Lee, Y.S. Development on the Questionnaire of Cold-Heat Pattern Identification Based on Usual Symptoms: Reliability and validation Study. Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine. 2018;32(5):341-6.  https://doi.org/10.15188/kjopp.2018.10.32.5.341
  21. Bae, K.H., Lee, Y.S., Go, H.Y., Kim, S.J., Lee, S.W. The Relationship between Cold Hypersensitivity in the Hands and Feet and Health-Related Quality of Life in Koreans: A Nationwide Population Survey. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. 2019;2019:6217036. 
  22. Mozaffarieh, M., Osusky, R., Schotzau, A., Flammer, J. Relationship between optic nerve head and finger blood flow. European journal of ophthalmology. 2010;20(1):136-141.  https://doi.org/10.1177/112067211002000119
  23. Kimura, T., Asami, T. Discrimination of hie and hiesho using toe blood pressure in young women. Journal of integrative medicine. 2016;14(6):436-446.24.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(16)60286-8
  24. Nam, E.Y., Lee, J.I., Kim, G.M., Kim, H.J. A Study on the Correlation of Cold Hypersensitivity and Digestive Function. The Journal of Oriental Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2014;27(1):140-51.  https://doi.org/10.15204/jkobgy2014.27.1.140
  25. Kim, D.H., Kim, Y.S., Lee, K.S. Standardization of diagnosis of cold hypersensitivity of hands and feet by D.I.T.I. The Journal of Oriental Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2001;142:129-34. 
  26. Kono, K., Abe, S., Kayashima, R., Tianyang, L., Inami, S., Sakuma, M., Nakajima, T., Toyoda, S. The impact of a foot bath for peripheral circulation in young women with Hiesho, a cold-sensitivity constitution. Vascular Failure. 2023;7(1):29-34.  https://doi.org/10.30548/vascfail.7.1_29
  27. Joo, J.C., Lee, S.W., Park, S.J. Comparison of Health Status and Mibyeong Characteristics between Cold Syndrome and Heat Syndrome by Cold Heat Syndrome Differentiation Score. The Journal of Korean Medicine. 2018;39(1):13-21. 
  28. Sabia, S., Dugravot, A., Leger, D., Hassen, C.B., Kivimaki, M., Singh-Manoux, A. Association of sleep duration at age 50, 60, and 70 years with risk of multimorbidity in the UK: 25-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study. PLoS medicine. 2022;19(10):e1004109. 
  29. Leary, E.B., Watson, K.T., Ancoli-Israel, S., Redline, S., Yaffe, K., Ravelo, L.A., et al. Association of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep With Mortality in Middle-aged and Older Adults. JAMA neurology. 2020;77(10):1241-51.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2108
  30. Bae, K.H., Park, K.H., Lee, S.W. Cold hypersensitivity in the Hands, Feet and Abdomen according to Sasang Constitution. Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 2018;30(1):50-7.  https://doi.org/10.7730/JSCM.2018.30.1.50
  31. Lee, S.K., Yoon, D.W., Yi, H., Lee, S.W., Kim, J.Y., Shin, C. Tae-eum type as an independent risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. 2013;2013:910382. 
  32. Bae, K.H., Kim, S.H., Go, H.Y., Park, K.H., Lee, S.W., Lee, S.J. One year test-retest reliability of the Korea Sasang constitutional diagnostic questionnaire (KS-15) in university students. Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 2019;31(2):12-21.  https://doi.org/10.7730/JSCM.2019.31.2.12
  33. Hyun, M.K., Tetsuhiro, Y. Association between cold-heat symptoms and sleep disturbances according to the Sasang constitution: a cross-sectional community study. Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine. 2022;26(1):59-74.