Acknowledgement
This review was supported from Maastricht Educational and Research Centre Pvt Ltd.
References
- Acs L, Banyai D, Nemes B, Nagy K, Acs N, Banhidy F, et al. Maternal-related factors in the origin of isolated cleft palate: a population-based case-control study. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020;23:174-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12361
- Angulo-Castro E, Acosta-Alfaro LF, Guadron-Llanos AM, Canizalez-Roman A, Gonzalez-Ibarra F, Osuna-Ramirez I, et al. Maternal risk factors associated with the development of cleft lip and cleft palate in Mexico: a case-control study. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol 2017;29:189-95.
- Auslander A, McKean-Cowdin R, Brindopke F, Sylvester B, DiBona M, Magee K, et al. The role of smoke from cooking indoors over an open flame and parental smoking on the risk of cleft lip and palate: a case-control study in 7 low-resource countries. J Glob Health 2020;10:020410.
- Bille C, Olsen J, Vach W, Knudsen VK, Olsen SF, Rasmussen K, et al. Oral clefts and life style factors: a case-cohort study based on prospective Danish data. Eur J Epidemiol 2007;22:173-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-006-9099-5
- Bui AH, Ayub A, Ahmed MK, Taioli E, Taub PJ. Association between cleft lip and/or cleft palate and family history of cancer: a case-control study. Ann Plast Surg 2018;80(4 Suppl 4):S178-81. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000001331
- Bui AH, Ayub A, Ahmed MK, Taioli E, Taub PJ. Maternal tobacco exposure and development of orofacial clefts in the child: a case-control study conducted in Pakistan. Ann Plast Surg 2018;81:708-14.
- Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Yang W, Abrams B, Lammer EJ. Maternal stressful life events and risks of birth defects. Epidemiology 2007;18:356-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000259986.85239.87
- Carmichael SL, Yang W, Feldkamp ML, Munger RG, Siega-Riz AM, Botto LD, et al. Reduced risks of neural tube defects and orofacial clefts with higher diet quality. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012;166:121-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.185
- Cedergren M, Kallen B. Maternal obesity and the risk for orofacial clefts in the offspring. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2005;42:367-71. https://doi.org/10.1597/04-012.1
- Chung KC, Kowalski CP, Kim HM, Buchman SR. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the risk of having a child with cleft lip/palate. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105:485-91. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200002000-00001
- DeRoo LA, Gaudino JA, Edmonds LD. Orofacial cleft malformations: associations with maternal and infant characteristics in Washington State. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003;67:637-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.10114
- Desrosiers TA, Lawson CC, Meyer RE, Richardson DB, Daniels JL, Waters MA, et al. Maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents during early pregnancy and risks of neural tube defects and orofacial clefts. Occup Environ Med 2012;69:493-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2011-100245
- Dien VH, McKinney CM, Pisek A, Pitiphat W. Maternal exposures and risk of oral clefts in South Vietnam. Birth Defects Res 2018;110:527-37. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.1192
- Elbourne D, Mutch L, Dauncey M, Campbell H, Samphier M. Debendox revisited. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985;92:780-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1985.tb03046.x
- Ericson A, Kallen B, Westerholm P. Cigarette smoking as an etiologic factor in cleft lip and palate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;135:348-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(79)90703-8
- Figueiredo JC, Ly S, Magee KS, Ihenacho U, Baurley JW, Sanchez-Lara PA, et al. Parental risk factors for oral clefts among Central Africans, Southeast Asians, and Central Americans. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2015;103:863-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23417
- Grewal J, Carmichael SL, Ma C, Lammer EJ, Shaw GM. Maternal periconceptional smoking and alcohol consumption and risk for select congenital anomalies. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2008;82:519-26. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20461
- Hao Y, Tian S, Jiao X, Mi N, Zhang B, Song T, et al. Association of parental environmental exposures and supplementation intake with risk of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts: a case-control study in Heilongjiang Province, China. Nutrients 2015;7:7172-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095328
- Honein MA, Rasmussen SA, Reefhuis J, Romitti PA, Lammer EJ, Sun L, et al. Maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of orofacial clefts. Epidemiology 2007;18:226-33. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000254430.61294.c0
- Hong Y, Xu X, Lian F, Chen R. Environmental risk factors for nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or cleft palate in Xinjiang Province, China: a multiethnic study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021;58:489-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665620956869
- Ittiwut R, Siriwan P, Suphapeetiporn K, Shotelersuk V. Epidemiology of cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Thais. Asian Biomed 2017;10:335-8.
- Jia ZL, Shi B, Chen CH, Shi JY, Wu J, Xu X. Maternal malnutrition, environmental exposure during pregnancy and the risk of non-syndromic orofacial clefts. Oral Dis 2011;17:584-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01810.x
- Khoury MJ, Weinstein A, Panny S, Holtzman NA, Lindsay PK, Farrel K, et al. Maternal cigarette smoking and oral clefts: a population-based study. Am J Public Health 1987;77:623-5. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.77.5.623
- Krajewski AK, Rappazzo KM, Langlois PH, Messer LC, Lobdell DT. Associations between cumulative environmental quality and ten selected birth defects in Texas. Birth Defects Res 2021;113:161-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.1788
- Krapels IP, Zielhuis GA, Vroom F, de Jong-van den Berg LT, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, van der Molen AB, et al. Periconceptional health and lifestyle factors of both parents affect the risk of live-born children with orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2006;76:613-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20285
- Lebby KD, Tan F, Brown CP. Maternal factors and disparities associated with oral clefts. Ethn Dis 2010;20(1 Suppl 1):S1-146-9.
- Leite IC, Koifman S. Oral clefts, consanguinity, parental tobacco and alcohol use: a case-control study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Braz Oral Res 2009;23:31-7. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242009000100006
- Li Z, Liu J, Ye R, Zhang L, Zheng X, Ren A. Maternal passive smoking and risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Epidemiology 2010;21:240-2. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181c9f941
- Lieff S, Olshan AF, Werler M, Strauss RP, Smith J, Mitchell A. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and risk of oral clefts in newborns. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:683-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010071
- Little J, Cardy A, Arslan MT, Gilmour M, Mossey PA; United Kingdom-Based Case-Control Study. Smoking and orofacial clefts: a United Kingdom-based case-control study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2004;41:381-6. https://doi.org/10.1597/02-142.1
- Liu Y, Wang B, Li Z, Zhang L, Liu J, Ren A. Indoor air pollution and the risk of orofacial clefts in a rural population in Shanxi province, China. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2016;106:708-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23522
- Lorente C, Cordier S, Goujard J, Ayme S, Bianchi F, Calzolari E, et al. Tobacco and alcohol use during pregnancy and risk of oral clefts. Occupational Exposure and Congenital Malformation Working Group. Am J Public Health 2000;90:415-9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.90.3.415
- Marshall EG, Harris G, Wartenberg D. Oral cleft defects and maternal exposure to ambient air pollutants in New Jersey. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2010;88:205-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20650
- Martelli DR, Coletta RD, Oliveira EA, Swerts MS, Rodrigues LA, Oliveira MC, et al. Association between maternal smoking, gender, and cleft lip and palate. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2015;81:514-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2015.07.011
- McKinney CM, Pisek A, Chowchuen B, DeRouen T, Muktabhant B, Pradubwong S, et al. Case-control study of nutritional and environmental factors and the risk of oral clefts in Thailand. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2016;106:624-32. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23505
- Mirilas P, Mentessidou A, Kontis E, Asimakidou M, Moxham BJ, Petropoulos AS, et al. Parental exposures and risk of non-syndromic orofacial clefts in offspring: a case-control study in Greece. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011;75:695-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.02.018
- Munger RG, Romitti PA, Daack-Hirsch S, Burns TL, Murray JC, Hanson J. Maternal alcohol use and risk of orofacial cleft birth defects. Teratology 1996;54:27-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199607)54:1<27::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-0
- Pi X, Li Z, Jin L, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhang L, et al. Secondhand smoke during the periconceptional period increases the risk for orofacial clefts in offspring. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2018;32:423-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12497
- Ramirez D, Lammer EJ, Iovannisci DM, Laurent C, Finnell RH, Shaw GM. Maternal smoking during early pregnancy, GSTP1 and EPHX1 variants, and risk of isolated orofacial clefts. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2007;44:366-73. https://doi.org/10.1597/06-011.1
- Raut JR, Simeone RM, Tinker SC, Canfield MA, Day RS, Agopian AJ. Proportion of orofacial clefts attributable to recognized risk factors. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2019;56:151-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665618774019
- Regina Altoe S, Borges AH, Neves AT, Aranha AM, Borba AM, Espinosa MM, et al. Influence of parental exposure to risk factors in the occurrence of oral clefts. J Dent (Shiraz) 2020;21:119-26.
- Sabbagh HJ, Alamoudi NM, Abdulhameed FD, Innes NP, AlAama JY, Hummaida T, et al. Environmental risk factors in the etiology of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2016;53:435-43. https://doi.org/10.1597/14-136
- Sato Y, Yoshioka E, Saijo Y, Miyamoto T, Sengoku K, Azuma H, et al. Population attributable fractions of modifiable risk factors for nonsyndromic orofacial clefts: a prospective cohort study from the Japan Environment and Children's Study. J Epidemiol 2021;31:272-9.
- Shaw GM, Nelson V, Carmichael SL, Lammer EJ, Finnell RH, Rosenquist TH. Maternal periconceptional vitamins: interactions with selected factors and congenital anomalies? Epidemiology 2002;13:625-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200211000-00005
- Suhl J, Romitti PA, Cao Y, Rocheleau CM, Burns TL, Conway K, et al. Maternal occupational cadmium exposure and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2018;110:603-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.1202
- Wehby GL, Uribe LM, Wilcox AJ, Christensen K, Romitti PA, Munger RG, et al. Interaction between smoking and body mass index and risk of oral clefts. Ann Epidemiol 2017;27:103-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.11.009
- Werler MM, Lammer EJ, Rosenberg L, Mitchell AA. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy in relation to oral clefts. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:926-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115735
- Wyszynski DF, Wu T. Use of US birth certificate data to estimate the risk of maternal cigarette smoking for oral clefting. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002;39:188-92. https://doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2002_039_0188_uousbc_2.0.co_2
- Xu DP, Qu WD, Sun C, Cao RY, Liu DW, Du PG. A study on environmental factors for nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate. J Craniofac Surg 2018;29:364-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000004214
- Zhang B, Jiao X, Mao L, Xue J. Cigarette smoke exposure before pregnancy and the associated risk of having a child with orofacial clefts in China: a case-control study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127:61e-62e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31820632c2
- Zhang B, Jiao X, Mao L, Xue J. Maternal cigarette smoking and the associated risk of having a child with orofacial clefts in China: a case-control study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2011;39:313-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2010.07.005
- Stanier P, Moore GE. Genetics of cleft lip and palate: syndromic genes contribute to the incidence of non-syndromic clefts. Hum Mol Genet 2004;13 Spec No 1:R73-81. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddh052
- Bianchi F, Calzolari E, Ciulli L, Cordier S, Gualandi F, Pierini A, et al. Environment and genetics in the etiology of cleft lip and cleft palate with reference to the role of folic acid. Epidemiol Prev 2000;24:21-7.
- Panamonta O, Wiromrat P, Wongswadiwat Y, Chaikitpinyo A, Panamonta M, Wichajarn K. Maternal tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and the occurrence of orofacial clefts: a systematic review of reported meta-analyses. J Med Assoc Thai 2017;100(suppl 6):S270-7.
- Diamanti A, Papadakis S, Schoretsaniti S, Rovina N, Vivilaki V, Gratziou C, et al. Smoking cessation in pregnancy: an update for maternity care practitioners. Tob Induc Dis 2019;17:57.
- Shaw GM, Iovannisci DM, Yang W, Finnell RH, Carmichael SL, Cheng S, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) genetic variants, maternal smoking, vitamin use, and risk of human orofacial clefts. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:1207-14. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi336
- Kang P, Svoboda KK. Nicotine inhibits palatal fusion and modulates nicotinic receptors and the PI-3 kinase pathway in medial edge epithelia. Orthod Craniofac Res 2003;6:129-42. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0544.2003.02236.x
- Jafari A, Rajabi A, Gholian-Aval M, Peyman N, Mahdizadeh M, Tehrani H. National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women/females in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Prev Med 2021;26:5.
- Crossan E, Duane B. Is there an association between maternal smoking and oral clefts? Evid Based Dent 2018;19:24-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6401292
- Ma C, Heiland EG, Li Z, Zhao M, Liang Y, Xi B. Global trends in the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure among adolescents aged 12-16 years from 1999 to 2018: an analysis of repeated cross-sectional surveys. Lancet Glob Health 2021;9:e1667-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00365-X
- Sabbagh HJ, Hassan MH, Innes NP, Elkodary HM, Little J, Mossey PA. Passive smoking in the etiology of non-syndromic orofacial clefts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015;10:e0116963.
- Yang JJ, Yu D, Wen W, Shu XO, Saito E, Rahman S, et al. Tobacco smoking and mortality in Asia: a pooled meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2019;2:e191474.
- Kummet CM, Moreno LM, Wilcox AJ, Romitti PA, DeRoo LA, Munger RG, et al. Passive smoke exposure as a risk factor for oral clefts: a large international population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 2016;183:834-41. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv279