Acknowledgement
This research was financially supported by the Yonsei Business Research Institute, the Yonsei Signature Research Cluster Program of 2023-22-0014 and the BK21 FOUR (Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research) in 2022.
References
- Arnold, J. R., Reckendorf, A., and Wintersieck, A. L. (2021). Source alerts can reduce the harms of foreign disinformation. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-68
- Avnet, T., and Higgins, E. T. (2003). Locomotion, assessment, and regulatory fit: Value transfer from "how" to "what". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(5), 525-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00027-1
- Bollen, K. A., and Pearl, J. (2013). Eight myths about causality and structural equation models. In Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research (pp. 301-328). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
- Bin Naeem, S., and Kamel Boulos, M. N. (2021). COVID-19 misinformation online and health literacy: A brief overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 8091.
- Bushman, B. J. (2006). Effects of warning and information labels on attraction to television violence in viewers of different ages. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(9), 2073-2078. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00094.x
- Cai, R., and Leung, X. Y. (2020). Mindset matters in purchasing online food deliveries during the pandemic: The application of construal level and regulatory focus theories. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 102677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102677
- Cazier, J., Shao, B., and Louis, R. S. (2017). Value congruence, trust, and their effects on purchase intention and reservation price. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems, 8(4), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3110939
- Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern Methods for Business Research (pp. 295-336). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Chow, C. W., and Luk, C. L. (2006). Effects of comparative advertising in high-and low-cognitive elaboration conditions. Journal of Advertising, 35(2), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2006.10639229
- Demmers, J., Weltevreden, J. W., and van Dolen, W. M. (2020). Consumer engagement with brand posts on social media in consecutive stages of the customer journey. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 24(1), 53-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2019.1683701
- Dessart, L. (2017). Social media engagement: A model of antecedents and relational outcomes. Journal of Marketing Management, 33(5-6), 375-399. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2017.1302975
- Dessart, L., Veloutsou, C., and Morgan-Thomas, A. (2015). Consumer engagement in online brand communities: A social media perspective. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 24(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-06-2014-0635
- Devine, P. G., Hirt, E. R., and Gehrke, E. M. (1990). Diagnostic and confirmation strategies in trait hypothesis testing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 952-963. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.952
- Enders, A. M., Uscinski, J. E., Klofstad, C., and Stoler, J. (2020). The different forms of COVID-19 misinformation and their consequences. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-48
- Fitzmaurice, G. M., Laird, N. M., and Ware, J. H. (2012). Applied Longitudinal Analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
- Florack, A., Keller, J., and Palcu, J. (2013). Regulatory focus in economic contexts. Journal of Economic Psychology, 38, 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.06.001
- Geng, Z., Li, C., Bi, K., Zheng, H., and Yang, X. (2018). Motivating service employee creativity: Regulatory focus and emotional labour. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 28(2), 228-249. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTP-11-2016-0214
- Gottfried, J., and Shearer, E. (2016). News Use Across Social Medial Platforms. Pew Research Center.
- Graves, L. (2016). Deciding what's true: The rise of political fact-checking in American journalism. Columbia University Press.
- Grinberg, N., Joseph, K., Friedland, L., Swire-Thompson, B., and Lazer, D. (2019). Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Science, 363(6425), 374-378. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2706
- Harsanyi, J. C. (1977). Morality and the theory of rational behavior. Social Research, 623-656. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253609.003.0013
- Heydari, A., Tavakoli, M. A., Salim, N., and Heydari, Z. (2015). Detection of review spam: A survey. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(7), 3634-3642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2014.12.029
- Higgins, E. T. (2005). Value from regulatory fit. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(4), 209-213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00366.x
- Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., and Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.27
- Hirschman, E. C., and Holbrook, M. B. (1982). Hedonic consumption: Emerging concepts, methods and propositions. Journal of Marketing, 46(3), 92-101. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298204600314
- Johnson, T. J., and Kaye, B. K. (2015). Reasons to believe: Influence of credibility on motivations for using social networks. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 544-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.002
- Kim, A., and Dennis, A. R. (2019). Says who? The effects of presentation format and source rating on fake news in social media. MIS Quarterly, 43(3), 1025-1039. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2019/15188
- Kim, A., Moravec, P. L., and Dennis, A. R. (2019). Combating fake news on social media with source ratings: The effects of user and expert reputation ratings. Journal of Management Information Systems, 36(3), 931-968. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2019.1628921
- Kim, A., Moravec, P. L., and Dennis, A. R. (2019). Combating fake news on social media with source ratings: The effects of user and expert reputation ratings. Journal of Management Information Systems, 36(3), 931-968. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2019.1628921
- Kim, M., and Kim, J. (2020). Destination authenticity as a trigger of tourists' online engagement on social media. Journal of Travel Research, 59(7), 1238-1252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519878510
- Kleber, J., Florack, A., and Chladek, A. (2016). How to present donations: The moderating role of numeracy in cause-related marketing. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 33(3), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-12-2014-1240
- Knight Foundation and Gallup. (2018). An online experimental platform to assess Trust in the Media Knight Foundation. Retrieved from https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KnightFoundation_NewsLens1_Client_Report_070918_ab.pdf
- Koriat, A., Lichtenstein, S., and Fischhoff, B. (1980). Reasons for confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(2), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.6.2.107
- Kwon, J. E. (2022). The Impact of career plateau on job burnout in the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderating role of regulatory focus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031087
- Lalicic, L., Huertas, A., Moreno, A., and Jabreel, M. (2020). Emotional brand communication on Facebook and Twitter: Are DMOs successful? Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16, 100350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.03.004
- Leung, X. Y. (2019). Do destination Facebook pages increase fan's visit intention? A longitudinal study. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 10(2), 2005-2018. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-06-2018-0041
- Lin, C. T., Chen, C. W., Wang, S. J., and Lin, C. C. (2018). The influence of impulse buying toward consumer loyalty in online shopping: a regulatory focus theory perspective. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 1-11.
- Liu, Y., and Wu, Y. F. (2018). Early detection of fake news on social media through propagation path classification with recurrent and convolutional networks. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (Vol. 32, No. 1).
- Lorch, R. F., and Myers, J. L. (1990). Regression analyses of repeated measures data in cognitive research. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(1), 149. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.16.1.149
- Lowrey, W. (2017). The emergence and development of news fact-checking sites: Institutional logics and population ecology. Journalism Studies, 18(3), 376-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1052537
- Mena, P. (2020). Cleaning up social media: The effect of warning labels on likelihood of sharing false news on Facebook. Policy & Internet, 12(2), 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.214
- Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J., Eyal, K., Lemus, D. R., and McCann, R. M. (2003). Credibility for the 21st century: Integrating perspectives on source, message, and media credibility in the contemporary media environment. Annals of the International Communication Association, 27(1), 293-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2003.11679029
- Moravec, P. L., Kim, A., and Dennis, A. R. (2020). Appealing to sense and sensibility: System 1 and system 2 interventions for fake news on social media. Information Systems Research, 31(3), 987-1006. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2020.0927
- Moravec, P. L., Kim, A., Dennis, A. R., and Minas, R. K. (2022). Do you really know if it's true? How asking users to rate stories affects belief in fake news on social media. Information Systems Research, 33(3), 887-907. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2021.1090
- Morrow, G., Swire-Thompson, B., Polny, J. M., Kopec, M., and Wihbey, J. P. (2022). The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 73(10), 1365-1386. https://doi.org/10.1002/si.24637
- Muhlberger, C., Endrejat, P., Moller, J., Herrmann, D., Kauffeld, S., and Jonas, E. (2022). Focus meets motivation: When regulatory focus aligns with approach/avoidance motivation in creative processes. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 4945. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.807875
- Muntinga, D. G., Moorman, M., and Smit, E. G. (2011). Introducing COBRAs: Exploring motivations for brand-related social media use. International Journal of Advertising, 30(1), 13-46. https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-301-013-046
- Nassetta, J., and Gross, K. (2020). State media warning labels can counteract the effects of foreign misinformation. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-45
- Nelson, J. L., and Taneja, H. (2018). The small, disloyal fake news audience: The role of audience availability in fake news consumption. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3720-3737. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818758715
- Nezakati, H., Amidi, A., Jusoh, Y. Y., Moghadas, S., Aziz, Y. A., and Sohrabinezhadtalemi, R. (2015). Review of social media potential on knowledge sharing and collaboration in tourism industry. Procedia-social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 120-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.015.01.344
- Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-260.2.2.175
- Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Collins, E. T., and Rand, D. G. (2020a). The implied truth effect: Attaching warnings to a subset of fake news headlines increases perceived accuracy of headlines without warnings. Management Science, 66(11), 4944-4957. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.019.3478
- Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y., Lu, J. G., and Rand, D. G. (2020b). Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention. Psychological Science, 31(7), 770-780. https://doi.org/10.1177/095679720939054
- Pentina, I., Guilloux, V., and Micu, A. (2018). Exploring social media engagement behaviors in the context of luxury brands. Journal of Advertising, 47(1), 55-69. https://doi.org/101080/00913367.2017.1405756 101080/00913367.2017.1405756
- Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Crafting the change: The role of employee job crafting behaviors for successful organizational change. Journal of Management, 44(5), 1766-1792. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315624961
- Salwen, M. B., Garrison, B., and Driscoll, P. D. (Eds.). (2004). Online news and the public. Routledge.
- Silverman, C. (2016). This analysis shows how viral fake election news stories outperformed real news on Facebook. Buzzfeed News, Retrieved from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook
- Solem, B. A. A., and Pedersen, P. E. (2016). The effects of regulatory fit on customer brand engagement: An experimental study of service brand activities in social media. Journal of Marketing Management, 32(5-6), 445-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2016.1145723
- Solvoll, M. K., and Larrson, A. O. (2020). The (non)use of likes, comments and shares of news in local online newspapers. Newspaper Research Journal, 41(2), 204-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739532920919826
- Song, J., and Qu, H. (2019). How does consumer regulatory focus impact perceived value and consumption emotions? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(1), 285-308. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2017-0136
- Sparks, B. A., Perkins, H. E., and Buckley, R. (2013). Online travel reviews as persuasive communication: The effects of content type, source, and certification logos on consumer behavior. Tourism Management, 39, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.03.007
- Swant, M. (2017). Facebook now makes 84% of its advertising revenue from mobile. Adweek. https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/facebook-now-makes-84-of-its-advertising-revenue-from-mobile/
- Taiwar, S., Dhir, A., Kaur, P., Zafar, N., and Alrasheedy, M. (2019). Why do people share fake news? Associations between the dark side of social media use and fake news sharing behavior. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 51, 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.05.026
- Toreini, P., Langner, M., Maedche, A., Morana, S., and Vogel, T. (2022). Designing attentive information dashboards. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 23(2), 521-552. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00732
- Tretter, S., and Diefenbach, S. (2021). The influence of regulatory focus on media choice in interpersonal conflicts. Psych, 3(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych3010001
- Wang, Y., Ma, F., Jin, Z., Yuan, Y., Xun, G., Jha, K., Su, L., and Gao, J. (2018). EANN: Event adversarial neural networks for multi-modal fake news detection. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining (pp. 849-857).
- Wintersieck, A. L. (2017). Debating the truth: The impact of fact-checking during electoral debates. American Politics Research, 45(2), 304-331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X16686555
- Xu, H., Teo, H. H., Tan, B. C. Y., and Agarwal, R. (2010). The role of push-pull technology in privacy calculus: The case of location-based services. Journal of Management Information Systems, 26(3), 137-176. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222260305
- Zaidi, N., Ahuja, V., and Khan, M. N. (2020). Effect of customer characteristics, content characteristics and source credibility on customer response: Developing a conceptual model for the tourism industry. Journal of Travel & Tourism Research, 16, 1-24.
- Zhou, Z., Jin, X., Vogel, D. R., Fang, Y., and Chen, X. (2011). Individual motivations and demographic differences in social virtual world uses: An exploratory investigation in Second Life. International Journal of Information Management, 31, 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.07.007