DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Current status, challenges and prospects for pig production in Asia

  • Lu Wang (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Defa Li (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University)
  • Received : 2023.08.15
  • Accepted : 2023.12.13
  • Published : 2024.04.01

Abstract

Asia is not only the primary region for global pig production but also the largest consumer of pork worldwide. Although the pig production in Asia has made great progress in the past, it still is confronted with numerous challenges. These challenges include: inadequate land and feed resources, a substantial number of small-scale pig farms, escalating pressure to ensure environmental conservation, control of devastating infectious diseases, as well as coping with high temperatures and high humidity. To solve these problems, important investments of human and financial capital are required to promote large-scale production systems, exploit alternative feed resources, implement precision feeding, and focus on preventive medicine and vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics, improve pig breeding, and increase manure recycling. Implementation of these techniques and management practices will facilitate development of more environmentally-friendly and economically sustainable pig production systems in Asia, ultimately providing consumers with healthy pork products around the world.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

We thank Prof. Lee J. Johnston for polishing of the manuscript.

References

  1. FAO. Food outlook: biannual report on global food markets [Internet]. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; c2022 [cited 2023 May 29]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2864en
  2. Woonwong Y, Do Tien D, Thanawongnuwech R. The future of the pig industry after the introduction of African Swine Fever into Asia. Anim Front 2020;10:30-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfaa037
  3. Shahbandeh M. Number of pigs worldwide from 2012 to 2023 (in million head)* [Graph] [Internet]. NY, USA: Statista; c2023 [cited 2023 May 29]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/263963/number-of-pigs-worldwidesince-1990/
  4. Mighell E, Ward MP. African swine fever spread across Asia, 2018-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021;68:2722-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14039
  5. FAOSTAT. Crops and livestock products [Internet]. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; c2023 [cited 2023 Apr 1]. Available from: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
  6. OECD. Meat consumption [Internet]. Paris, France: OECD ilibrary; c2023 [cited 2023 Apr 9]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1787/fa290fd0-en
  7. OECD/FAO. OECD-FAO agricultural outlook 2022-2031 [Internet]. Paris, France: OECD Agriculture Statistics; 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 18]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1787/4bde2d83-en
  8. NBSC. Annual data: agriculture [Internet]. Beijing, China: National Bureau of Statistics of China; 2022 [cited 2023 May 21]. Available from: https://www.stats.gov.cn/ (in Chinese)
  9. Oh SH, See MT. Pork preference for consumers in China, Japan and South Korea. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2012;25:143-50. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.11368
  10. Tantasuparuk W, Annop K. Pig production in Thailand [Internet]. Tainan, Taiwan: Country report; 2014. Available from: https://www.angrin.tlri.gov.tw/english/2014swine/p136-144.pdf
  11. Qui NH, Budi G. Challenges, opportunities and prospects of swine industry in Vietnam. In: Proceeding International Conference on Green Agro-Industry 2020; Kota Malang. pp. 189-96.
  12. Lemke U, Mergenthaler M, Rossler R, et al. Pig production and marketing in Vietnam - a review. CABI Reviews; 2008. pp. 145-52. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20083023
  13. Zhang S, Wu X, Han DD, et al. Pork production systems in China: a review of their development, challenges and prospects in green production. Front Agric Sci Eng 2021;8:15-24. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2020377
  14. Xayalath S, Abulbashar MM, Ortega ADSV, Ratky J. Opportunities and challenges for pig production in Vientiane Capital, Laos: a review. Rev Agric Rural Dev 2022;11:3-8. https://doi.org/10.14232/rard.2022.1-2.3-8
  15. Barcellos MD, Grunert KG, Zhou YF, Verbeke W, Perez-Cueto F, Krystallis A. Consumer attitudes to different pig production systems: a study from mainland China. Agric Human Values 2013;30:443-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-012-9416-4
  16. Thanapongtharm W, Linard C, Chinson P, et al. Spatial analysis and characteristics of pig farming in Thailand. BMC Vet Res 2016;12:218. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0849-7
  17. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, China animal husbandry and veterinary yearbook [Internet]. Beijing, China: China Agriculture Press; 2011-2022 [cited 2023 May 20]. Available from: https://cnki.nbsti.net/CSYDMirror/trade/Yearbook/Single/N2022030153?z=Z009 (in Chinese)
  18. Liu WT, Gu LW. A comparative study on pig industry between China and the United States. Chin J Anim Sci 2016;52:3-7. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0258-7033.2016.06.001 (in Chinese)
  19. Huynh TTT, Aarnink AJA, Drucker A, Verstegen, MWA. Pig production in Cambodia, Laos, Philippines, and Vietnam: a review. Asian J Agric Dev 2006;3:69-90. https://doi.org/10.37801/ajad2006.3.1-2.5
  20. Pan YC. Take the development path of pig industry with 'Chinese characteristics'. Chin J Anim Sci 2017;53:165-8 (in Chinese).
  21. Chen DW. Nutrition and feed strategies for sustainable swine production in China. Front Agric China 2009;3:471-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11703-009-0059-1
  22. Hou Y, Bai ZH, Lesschen JP, et al. Feed use and nitrogen excretion of livestock in EU-27. Agric Ecosyst Environ 2016;218:232-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.11.025
  23. Jia W, Qin W, Zhang Q, Wang X, Ma Y, Chen Q. Evaluation of crop residues and manure production and their geographical distribution in China. J Clean Prod 2018;188:954-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.300
  24. Mosnier E, van der Werf HMG, Boissy J, Dourmad JY. Evaluation of the environmental implications of the incorporation of feed-use amino acids in the manufacturing of pig and broiler feeds using life cycle assessment. Animal 2011;5:1972-83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731111001078
  25. Hanserud OS, Lyng KA, Vries JWD, Ogaard AF, Brattebo H. Redistributing phosphorus in animal manure from a livestock-intensive region to an arable region: Exploration of environmental consequences. Sustainability 2017;9:595. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040595
  26. McGlone JJ. The future of pork production in the world: towards sustainable, welfare-positive systems. Animals 2013;3:401-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani3020401
  27. De VJ, Groenestein C, Schroder J, et al. Integrated manure management to reduce environmental impact: II. Environmental impact assessment of strategies. Agric Syst 2015;138:88-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.05.006
  28. OECD. Agriculture, trade and the environment: the pig sector [Internet]. Paris, France: OECD; c2003 [cited 2023 May 8]. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/sustainable-agriculture/19430433.pdf
  29. Ali BM, van Zanten HH, Berentsen P, Bastiaansen JW, Bikker P, Lansink AO. Environmental and economic impacts of using co-products in the diets of finishing pigs in Brazil. J Clean Prod 2017;162:247-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.041
  30. Weiss F, Leip A. Greenhouse gas emissions from the EU livestock sector: a life cycle assessment carried out with the CAPRI model. Agric Ecosyst Environ 2012;149:124-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.12.015
  31. Dietz FJ, Hoogervorst NGP. Towards a sustainable and efficient use of manure in agriculture: the Dutch case. Environ Resour Econ 1991;1:313-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00367923
  32. Pirlo G, Care S, Della Casa G, et al. Environmental impact of heavy pig production in a sample of Italian farms. A cradle to farm-gate analysis. Sci Total Environ 2016;565:576-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.174
  33. Noya I, Villanueva-Rey P, Gonzalez-Garcia S, Fernandez MD, Rodriguez MR, Moreira MT. Life cycle assessment of pig production: a case study in Galicia. J Clean Prod 2017;142:4327-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.160
  34. Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T. Castel V, Rosales M, Haan C. Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options. Rome, Italy: FAO; 2006.
  35. Bai ZH, Ma L, Qin W, Chen Q, Oenema O, Zhang FS. Changes in pig production in China and their effects on nitrogen and phosphorus use and losses. Environ Sci Technol 2014;48:12742-9. https://doi.org/10.1021/es502160v
  36. SCC. Notice of The State Council on printing and distributing action Plans for Water pollution Prevention and Control [Internet]. Beijing, China: State Council of China; 2015. [cited 2023 Oct 21]. Available from: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-04/16/content_9613.htm (in Chinese)
  37. Bai Z, Jin S, Wu Y, et al. China's pig relocation in balance. Nat Sustain 2019;2:888. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0391-2
  38. Tapinta S, Boonrat P, Buanak S, Songkamilin A, Laisood J. Guildlines for environmental management in pig farm. Bangkok, Thailand: Pollution Control Department; 2014.
  39. VanderWaal K, Deen J. Global trends in infectious diseases of swine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2018;115:11495-500. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806068115
  40. Drew TW. The emergence and evolution of swine viral diseases: to what extent have husbandry systems and global trade contributed to their distribution and diversity? Rev Sci Tech 2011;30:95-106. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.30.1.2020
  41. Morgan N, Prakash A, Jutzi S. International livestock markets and the impact of animal disease. Rev Sci Tech 2006;25:517-28. https://doi.org/10.20506/RST.25.2.1685
  42. Zhou M, Li L, Suganuma K. Editorial: epidemic status and prevention of swine infectious diseases. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1169644. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1169644
  43. Li X, Tian K. African swine fever in China. Vet Rec 2018;183:300-1. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.k3774
  44. Chanchaidechachai T, Saatkamp H, Jong M, et al. Epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Thailand from 2011 to 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022;69:3823-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14754
  45. Tian K, Yu X, Zhao T, et al. Emergence of fatal PRRSV variants: unparalleled outbreaks of atypical PRRS in China and molecular dissection of the unique hallmark. PLoS One 2007;2:e526. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000526
  46. Kedkovid R, Sirisereewan C, Thanawongnuwech R. Major swine viral diseases: an Asian perspective after the African swine fever introduction. Porc Health Manag 2020;6:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-020-00159-x
  47. Ito S, Kawaguchi N, Bosch J, Aguilar-Vega C, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM. What can we learn from the five-year African swine fever epidemic in Asia? Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1273417. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1273417
  48. Sun E, Huang L, Zhang X, et al. Genotype I African swine fever viruses emerged in domestic pigs in China and caused chronic infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021;10:2183-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2021.1999779
  49. Wang Z, Ai Q, Huang S, et al. Immune escape mechanism and vaccine research progress of African swine fever virus. Vaccines 2022;10:344. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030344
  50. Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D. mRNA vaccines - a new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018;17:261-79. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.243
  51. Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2020;383:2603-15. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577
  52. AGRIPOST.CN. Pig Industry 2022 Annual Data Report [Internet]. Beijing, China: AGRIPOST.CN; c2022 [cited 2023 April 20]. Available from: https://www.agripost.cn/2022/01/25/chinas-pig-industry-is-expected-to-see-significantefficiency-gains-in-2022/
  53. Rinaldo D, Le Dividich J, Noblet J. Adverse effects of tropical climate on voluntary feed intake and performance of growing pigs. Livest Prod Sci 2000;66:223-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00181-0
  54. Wu Y, Zhao J, Xu C, et al. Progress towards pig nutrition in the last 27 years. J Sci Food Agric 2020;100:5102-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9095
  55. CAO. China agriculture outlook report (2020-2029) [Internet]. Beijing, China: China Agriculture Outlook; c2020 [cited 2023 October 29]. Available from: https://aocm.agri-outlook.cn/weixin/Public/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=zznyzwbg2020.pdf (in Chinese)
  56. Neeteson-van Nieuwenhoven AM, Knap P, Avendano S. The role of sustainable commercial pig and poultry breeding for food security. Anim Front 2013;3:52-7. https://doi.org/10.2527/af.2013-0008
  57. Poklukar K, Candek-Potokar M, Batorek Lukac N, Tomazin U, Skrlep M. Lipid deposition and metabolism in local and modern pig breeds: a review. Animals 2020;10:424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030424
  58. Katsoulis K, Leontides L, Kontopidis G. Locally produced agricultural by-products as feed sources for pigs. J Vet Sci Med 2016;4:5. https://doi.org/10.13188/2325-4645.1000022
  59. Cox S, Nabukalu P, Paterson AH, Kong W, Nakasagga S. Development of perennial grain sorghum. Sustainability 2018;10:172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010172
  60. Ndwandwe SB, Weng RC. Competitive analyses of the pig industry in Swaziland. Sustainability 2018;10:4402. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124402
  61. Stein HH, Casas GA, Abelilla JJ, Liu YH, Sulabo RC. Nutritional value of high fiber co-products from the copra, palm kernel, and rice industries in diets fed to pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015;6:56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-015-0056-6
  62. Gaillard C, Brossard L, Dourmad JY. Improvement of feed and nutrient efficiency in pig production through precision feeding. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020;268:114611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114611
  63. Ogino A, Osada T, Takada R, et al. Life cycle assessment of Japanese pig farming using low-protein diet supplemented with amino acids. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 2013;59:107-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2012.730476
  64. Wang Y, Zhou J, Wang G, Cai S, Zeng X, Qiao S. Advances in low-protein diets for swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018;9:60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0276-7
  65. Mongsawad P. The philosophy of the sufficiency economy: a contribution to the theory of development. Asia Pac Dev J 2012;17:123-43. https://doi.org/10.18356/02bd5fb3-en
  66. Ho NN, Do TL, Tran DT, Nguyen TT. Indigenous pig production and welfare of ultra-poor ethnic minority households in the Northern mountains of Vietnam. Environ Dev Sustain 2022;24:156-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01348-6
  67. McAuliffe GA, Chapman DV, Sage CL. A thematic review of life cycle assessment (LCA) applied to pig production. Environ Impact Assess Rev 2016;56:12-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2015.08.008
  68. Rodriguez-Verde I, Regueiro L, Carballa M, Hospido A, Lema JM. Assessing anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure with agroindustrial wastes: the link between environmental impacts and operational parameters. Sci Total Environ 2014;497:475-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.127
  69. Haga K. Sustainable recycling of livestock wastes by composting and environmentally friendly control of wastewater and odors. J Environ Sci Eng B 2021;10:163-78. https://doi.org/10.17265/2162-5263/2021.05.001
  70. Mir SA, Shrotriya V, Al-Muhimeed TI, Hossain MA, Zaman MB. Metal and metal oxide nanostructures applied as alternatives of antibiotics. Inorg Chem Commun 2023:150;110503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110503
  71. Wang H, Long W, Chadwick D, et al. Dietary acidifiers as an alternative to antibiotics for promoting pig growth performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anim Feed Sci Tech 2022:289;115320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115320
  72. Bogere P, Choi YJ, Heo J. Probiotics as alternatives to antibiotics in treating post-weaning diarrhoea in pigs: review papaer. S Afr J Anim Sci 2019;49:403-16. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v49i3.1
  73. Wang S, Zeng X, Yang Q, Qiao S. Antimicrobial peptides as potential alternatives to antibiotics in food animal industry. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17:603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17050603
  74. Zhu Z, Wang Y, Yan T, Zhang Z, Wang S, Dong H. Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock in China and mitigation options within the context of carbon neutrality. Front Agric Sci Eng 2023;10:226-33. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2023486
  75. Kim Y, Yang M, Goyal SM, Cheeran MC, Torremorell M. Evaluation of biosecurity measures to prevent indirect transmission of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. BMC Vet Res 2017;13:89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1017-4
  76. Gordon RK, Kotowski IK, Coulson KF, Link D, MacKenzie A, Bowling-Heyward J. The role of non-animal origin feed ingredients in transmission of viral pathogens of swine: a review of scientific literature. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:273. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00273
  77. Niederwerder MC, Hesse RA. Swine enteric coronavirus disease: a review of 4 years with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus in the United States and Canada. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018;65:660-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12823