Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Korean Red Ginseng suppresses emphysematous lesions induced by cigarette smoke condensate through inhibition of macrophage-driven apoptosis pathways

  • Jeong-Won Kim (College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University) ;
  • Jin-Hwa Kim (College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University) ;
  • Chang-Yeop Kim (College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University) ;
  • Ji-Soo Jeong (College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University) ;
  • Je-Won Ko (College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University) ;
  • Tae-Won Kim (College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University)
  • Received : 2022.09.20
  • Accepted : 2023.11.02
  • Published : 2024.03.01
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Abstract

Background: Cigarette smoke is generally accepted as a major contributor to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is characterized by emphysematous lesions. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) against cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-induced emphysema. Methods: Mice were instilled with 50 mg/kg of CSC intranasally once a week for 4 weeks, KRG was administered to the mice once daily for 4 weeks at doses of 100 or 300 mg/kg, and dexamethasone (DEX, positive control) was administered to the mice once daily for 2 weeks at 3 mg/kg. Results: KRG markedly decreased the macrophage population in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and reduced emphysematous lesions in the lung tissues. KRG suppressed CSC-induced apoptosis as revealed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining and Caspase 3 immunohistochemistry. Additionally, KRG effectively inhibited CSC-mediated activation of Bcl-2-associated X protein/Caspase 3 signaling, followed by the induction of cell survival signaling, including vascular endothelial growth factor/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B in vivo and in vitro. The DEX group also showed similar improved results in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion: Taken together, KRG effectively inhibits macrophage-mediated emphysema induced by CSC exposure, possibly via the suppression of pro-apoptotic signaling, which results in cell survival pathway activation. These findings suggest that KRG has therapeutic potential for the prevention of emphysema in COPD patients.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOE).

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