Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Mass spectrometry-based ginsenoside profiling: Recent applications, limitations, and perspectives

  • Hyun Woo Kim (College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University) ;
  • Dae Hyun Kim (Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Byeol Ryu (Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • You Jin Chung (Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kyungha Lee (College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University) ;
  • Young Chang Kim (Future Agriculture Strategy Team, Research Policy Bureau, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Jung Woo Lee (Ginseng Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Dong Hwi Kim (Ginseng Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Woojong Jang (Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine) ;
  • Woohyeon Cho (Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Hyeonah Shim (Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Sang Hyun Sung (Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Tae-Jin Yang (Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kyo Bin Kang (Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2023.11.23
  • Accepted : 2024.01.14
  • Published : 2024.03.01
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Abstract

Ginseng, the roots of Panax species, is an important medicinal herb used as a tonic. As ginsenosides are key bioactive components of ginseng, holistic chemical profiling of them has provided many insights into understanding ginseng. Mass spectrometry has been a major methodology for profiling, which has been applied to realize numerous goals in ginseng research, such as the discrimination of different species, geographical origins, and ages, and the monitoring of processing and biotransformation. This review summarizes the various applications of ginsenoside profiling in ginseng research over the last three decades that have contributed to expanding our understanding of ginseng. However, we also note that most of the studies overlooked a crucial factor that influences the levels of ginsenosides: genetic variation. To highlight the effects of genetic variation on the chemical contents, we present our results of untargeted and targeted ginsenoside profiling of different genotypes cultivated under identical conditions, in addition to data regarding genome-level genetic diversity. Additionally, we analyze the other limitations of previous studies, such as imperfect variable control, deficient metadata, and lack of additional effort to validate causation. We conclude that the values of ginsenoside profiling studies can be enhanced by overcoming such limitations, as well as by integrating with other -omics techniques.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean Government (Ministry of Science and ICT; 2022M3H9A2082952, 2018R1A5A2023127, and RS2023-00211868) and a grant (21173MFDS561) from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Korea in 2023.

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