Acknowledgement
This work was supported by a 2-Year Research Grant of Pusan National University.
References
- International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Type 1 diabetes [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 September 27]. Available from: https://idf.org/about-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/
- Baechle C, Stahl-Pehe A, Prinz N, Meissner T, Kamrath C, Holl RW, et al. Prevalence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous federal state in Germany, 2002-2020. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2022;190:109995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109995
- ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. 14. Children and adolescents: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S230-S253. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-s014
- Seckold R, Howley P, King BR, Bell K, Smith A, Smart CE. Dietary intake and eating patterns of young children with type 1 diabetes achieving glycemic targets. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 2019;7(1):e000663. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000663
- Yetim A, Alikasifoglu M, Bas F, Eliacik K, Cig G, Erginoz E, et al. Glycemic control and health behaviors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics. 2018;60(3):244-254. https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjped.2018.03.003
- Roberts AJ, Law JR, Suerken CK, Reboussin BA, Lawrence JM, Taplin CE, et al. Alcohol consumption patterns in young adults with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2020;159:107980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107980
- Skog O, Korsgren O. Aetiology of type 1 diabetes: physiological growth in children affects disease progression. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2018;20(4):775-785. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13144
- Majumder E, Cogen FR, Monaghan M. Self-management strategies in emerging adults with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2017;31(1):29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2016.01.003
- Vogels E, Gelles-Watnick R, Massarat N. Teens, social media and technology 2022 [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 November 11]. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2022/08/10/teens-social-media-and-technology-2022/
- Wang X, Shu W, Du J, Du M, Wang P, Xue M, et al. Mobile health in the management of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2019;19(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0347-6
- Alfonsi JE, Choi EEY, Arshad T, Sammott SS, Pais V, Nguyen C, et al. Carbohydrate counting app using image recognition for youth with type 1 diabetes: pilot randomized control trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020;8(10):e22074. https://doi.org/10.2196/22074
- Barnes TL, Lee S, Thompson N, Mullen K, Chatterton P, Gandrud L. Barriers to glucose testing and attitudes toward mobile app and device use in a large cohort of T1D pediatric patients: implications for diabetes management. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2018;12(6):1246-1247. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296818794706
- Park G, Lee H, Khang AR. The development of automated personalized self-care (APSC) program for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2022;52(5):535-549. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22046
- Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D; CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010;152(11):726-732. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232
- Whitehead AL, Julious SA, Cooper CL, Campbell MJ. Estimating the sample size for a pilot randomised trial to minimise the overall trial sample size for the external pilot and main trial for a continuous outcome variable. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 2016;25(3):1057-1073. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280215588241
- Kirwan M, Vandelanotte C, Fenning A, Duncan MJ. Diabetes self-management smartphone application for adults with type 1 diabetes: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2013;15(11):e235. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2588
- Boo S, Ahn Y, Lee JE, Kang N, Kang H, Sohn M. Diabetes-specific quality of life of Korean children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge. 2016;27(2):62-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12075
- Iannotti RJ, Schneider S, Nansel TR, Haynie DL, Plotnick LP, Clark LM, et al. Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and diabetes self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 2006;27(2):98-105. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200604000-00003
- Shamah-Levy T, Rodriguez-Ramirez S, Gaona-Pineda EB, Cuevas-Nasu L, Carriquiry AL, Rivera JA. Three 24-hour recalls in comparison with one improve the estimates of energy and nutrient intakes in an urban Mexican population. Journal of Nutrition. 2016;146(5):1043-1050. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.219683
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. 9th ed. USDA; 2020. p. 71-91.
- Dudek SG. Nutrition essentials for nursing practice. 7th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013. p. 497-534.
- Kook SH, Varni JW. Validation of the Korean version of the pediatric quality of life inventory 4.0 (PedsQL) generic core scales in school children and adolescents using the Rasch model. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2008;6:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-6-41
- Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH, Kim JH. Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean adolescents. Psychiatry Investigation. 2017;14(1):30-36. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.30
- Kim JH, Lee EH, Hwang ST, Hong SH. Manual for the K-BDI-II. Korea Psychology; 2015. p 2.
- Elo S, Kyngas H. The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2008;62(1):107-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
- Fetters MD, Curry LA, Creswell JW. Achieving integration in mixed methods designs-principles and practices. Health Services Research. 2013;48(6 Pt 2):2134-2156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12117
- Butte NF, Watson KB, Ridley K, Zakeri IF, McMurray RG, Pfeiffer KA, et al. A youth compendium of physical activities: activity codes and metabolic intensities. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2018;50(2):246-256. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001430
- Soufi A, Mok E, Henderson M, Dasgupta K, Rahme E, Nakhla M. Association of stigma, diabetes distress and self-efficacy with quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes preparing to transition to adult care. Diabetic Medicine. 2024;41(1):e15159. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.15159
- Kristensen LJ, Birkebaek NH, Mose AH, Berg Jensen M, Thastum M. Multi-informant path models of the influence of psychosocial and treatment-related variables on adherence and metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0204176. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204176
- Pandey A, Hale D, Das S, Goddings AL, Blakemore SJ, Viner RM. Effectiveness of universal self-regulation-based interventions in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. 2018;172(6):566-575. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0232
- Goyal S, Nunn CA, Rotondi M, Couperthwaite AB, Reiser S, Simone A, et al. A mobile app for the self-management of type 1 diabetes among adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2017;5(6):e82. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.7336
- Lansing AH, Stanger C, Budney A, Christiano AS, Casella SJ. Pilot study of a web-delivered multicomponent intervention for rural teens with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2016;2016:7485613. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7485613
- Reynolds AN, Akerman AP, Mann J. Dietary fibre and whole grains in diabetes management: systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS Medicine. 2020;17(3):e1003053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003053