Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Nonlinear dynamic properties of dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio of clay in the starting area of Xiong'an New Area

  • Song Dongsong (Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration) ;
  • Liu Hongshuai (Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration)
  • Received : 2023.10.23
  • Accepted : 2024.01.04
  • Published : 2024.02.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this paper, a database consisting of the dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio test data of clay obtained from 406 groups of triaxial tests is constructed with the starting area of Xiong'an New Area as the research background. The aim is to study the nonlinear dynamic properties of clay in this area under cyclic loading. The study found that the effective confining pressure and plasticity index have certain influences on the dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio of clay in this area. Through data analysis, it was found that there was a certain correlation between effective confining pressure and plasticity index and dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio, with fitting degree values greater than 0.1263 for both. However, other physical indices such as the void ratio, natural density, water content and specific gravity have only a small effect on the dynamic shear modulus ratio and the damping ratio, with fitting degree values of less than 0.1 for all of them. This indicates that it is important to consider the influence of effective confining pressure and plasticity index when studying the nonlinear dynamic properties of clays in this area. Based on the above, prediction models for the dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio in this area were constructed separately. The results showed that the model that considered the combined effect of effective confining pressure and plasticity index performed best. The predicted dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio closely matched the actual curves, with approximately 88% of the data falling within ±1.3 times the measured dynamic shear modulus ratio and approximately 85.1% of the data falling within ±1.3 times the measured damping ratio. In contrast, the prediction models that considered only a single influence deviated from the actual values, particularly the model that considered only the plasticity index, which predicted the dynamic shear modulus ratio and the damping ratio within a small distribution range close to the average of the test values. When compared with existing prediction models, it was found that the predicted dynamic shear modulus ratio in this paper was slightly higher, which was due to the overall hardness of the clay in this area, leading to a slightly higher determination of the dynamic shear modulus ratio by the prediction model. Finally, for the dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio of the engineering site in the starting area of Xiong'an New Area, we confirm that the prediction formulas established in this paper have high reliability and provide the applicable range of the prediction model.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to express their gratitude for the financial support from the Scientific Fund of Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration (2019EEEVL0202), the Science and Technology Research Project of Higher Education Institutions in Hebei Province (ZD2020157), and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(E2020201017).

References

  1. Amr, M.M., Manal, A.S. and Hussein, H.E. (2019), "Evaluation of dynamic properties of calcareous sands in Egypt at small and medium shear strain ranges", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 116, 692-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.09.030.
  2. ASTM D3999/D3999M-11 (2013), Standard Test Methods for the Determination of the Modulus and Damping Properties of Soils Using the Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  3. ASTM D854-14 (2016), Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  4. ASTM D2216-19 (2019), Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  5. ASTM D2937-17e2 (2018), Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  6. ASTM D4253-16 (2019), Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  7. ASTM D4254-16 (2016), Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  8. ASTM D4318-17 (2018), Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  9. ASTM D6913-04 (2009), Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  10. Bayat, M. and Ghalandarzadeh, A. (2019), "Modified models for predicting dynamic properties of granular soil under anisotropic consolidation", Int. J. Geomech., 20(3), 04019197. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001607.
  11. Borden, R.H., Shao, L. and Gupta, A. (1996), "Dynamic properties of Piedmont residual soils", J. Geotech. Eng., 122(10), 813-821. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:10(813).
  12. Carraro, J.A.H. and Bortolotto, M.S. (2015), "Stiffness degradation and damping of carbonate and silica sands", Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics III, 2015, 1179-1183. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18442-177.
  13. Chang, L., Wu, Y.Q. and Yang, B. (2022), "Characteristics of 3D surface deformation characteristics and seismogenic fault inversion of 1976 Tangshan Ms 7.8 earthquake", Geomat. Informat. Sci. Wuhan Univ., 47(6), 916-926. https://doi.org/10.13203/j.whugis 20220159.
  14. Chen, W., Kong, L.W. and Zhu, J.Q. (2007), "A simple method to approximately determine the damping ratio of soils", Rock Soil Mech., 28(S1), 789-791.
  15. Ciancimino, A., Lanzo, G. and Alleanza, G.A. (2020), "Dynamic characterization of fine-grained soils in Central Italy by laboratory testing", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 18, 5503-5531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00611-6.
  16. Dammala, P.K., Kumar, S.S. and Krishna, A.M. (2019), "Dynamic soil properties and liquefaction potential of northeast indian soil for non-linear effective stress analysis", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 17, 2899-2933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00592-6.
  17. Darendeli, B.M. (2001), "Development of a new family of normalised modulus reduction and material damping curves", Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
  18. Doygun, O. and Brandes, H.G. (2020), "High strain damping for sands from load-controlled cyclic tests: Correlation between stored strain energy and pore water pressure", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 134, 106134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106134.
  19. Elif, O.M., Liu, J. and Niu, F. (2017), "Dynamic behavior of fiber-reinforced soil under freeze-thaw cycles", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 101, 269-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.07.022.
  20. EPRI (1993), "Modeling of dynamic soil properties", Report; The Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
  21. Ha, P.H., Van, P.O. and Van, W.F. (2017), "Small-strain shear modulus of calcareous sand and its dependence on particle characteristics and gradation", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 100, 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.06.016.
  22. Hardin, B.O. and Black, W. (1968), "Vibration modulus of normally consolidated clay", J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 94(2), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001100.
  23. Hardin, B.O. and Black, W. (1969), "Closure to: Vibration modulus of normally consolidated clay", J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 95(6), 1531-1537. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001364.
  24. Hardin, B.O. and Drnevich, V.P. (1972), "Shear modulus and damping in soils: measurement and parameter effects", J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 6, 603-624. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001756.
  25. Hardin, B.O. and Drnevich, V.P. (1972), "Shear modulus and damping in soils: Design equations and curves", J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 98(7), 667-692. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001760.
  26. Hsiao, D.H. and Phan, V.T. (2016), "Evaluation of static and dynamic properties of sand-fines mixtures through the state and equivalent state parameters", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 84, 134-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.02.006.
  27. Ishibashi, I. and Zhang, X.J. (1993), "Unified dynamic shear moduli anddamping ratios of sand and clay", Soil. Found., 33(1), 182-191. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.33.182.
  28. Jafarian, Y., Javdanian, H. and Haddad, A. (2018), "Dynamic properties of calcareous and siliceous sands under isotropic and anisotropic stress conditions", Soil. Found., 58, 172-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.11.010.
  29. Jafarzadeh, F. and Sadeghi, H. (2012), "Experimental study on dynamic properties of sand with emphasis on the degree of saturation", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 32, 26-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.08.003.
  30. Kishida, T., Boulanger, R.W. and Abrahamson, N.A. (2009), "Regression models for dynamic properties of highly organic soils", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 135(4), 533-543. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:4(533).
  31. Kishida, T. (2017), "Comparison and correction of modulus reduction models for clays and silts", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 143(4), 04016110. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001627.
  32. Kravchenkoa, E., Jiankun, L. and Artem, K. (2019), "Dynamic behavior of clay modified with polypropylene fiber under freeze-thaw cycles", Transp. Geotech., 21, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100282.
  33. Lanzo, G. and Vucetic, M. (1999), "Effect of soil plasticity on damping ratio at small cyclic strains", Soil. Found., 39, 131-141. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.39.4_131.
  34. Ling, X.Z., Zhang, F. and Li, Q.L. (2015), "Dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of frozen compacted sand subjected to freeze-thaw cycle under multi-stage cyclic loading", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 76(2), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.02.007.
  35. Ma, X.Q, Li, Y.B. and Ran, Y.K. (2013), "Major active faults in lingqiu basin and the seismogenic structure of the earthquake in 1626", Seismol. Geol., 35(2), 208-221. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2013.02.002.
  36. Masing, G. (1926), Eigenspannungen und verfestigung bei messing, Proceedings of Second International Congress of Applied Mechanics, Zurich, Switzerland, September.
  37. Oztoprak, S. and Bolton, M.D. (2013), "Stiffness of sands through a laboratory test database", Geotech., 63, 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.P.078.
  38. Pradeep, K.D., Adapa, M.K. and Subhamoy, B. (2017), "Dynamic soil properties for seismic ground response studies in Northeastern India", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 100, 357-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.06.003.
  39. Sas, W., Gabrys, K. and Szymanski, A. (2017), "Experimental studies of dynamic properties of quaternary clayey soils", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 95, 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.01.031.
  40. Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M. (1970), "Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analyses", EERC Report No.70-10, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
  41. Seed, H.B. and Lee, K.L. (1966), "Liquefaction of saturated sands during cyclic loading", Soil Mech. Found. Div., 92, 105-134. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0000913.
  42. Vardanega, P. and Bolton, M. (2013), "Stiffness of clays and silts: normalizing shear modulus and shear strain", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 139, 1575-1589. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000887.
  43. Vucetic, M. and Dobry, R. (1991), "Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response", J. Geotech. Eng., 117, 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:1(89).
  44. Wang, Y. and Stokoe, K.H.I.I. (2022), "Development of constitutive models for linear and nonlinear shear modulus and material damping ratio of uncemented soils", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 148(3), 04021192. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002736.
  45. Xing, X.Q., Qi, B.S. and Feng, C.J. (2023), "Characteristics of surface rupture zone of 1679 Sanhe-Pinggu M8 earthquake in Xiadian fault of Beijing plain, China", J. Earth Sci. Environ., 45(5), 1257-1269. https://doi.org/10.19814/j.jese.2022.12077.
  46. Zhang, J., Andrus, R.D. and Juang, C.H. (2005), "Normalized shear modulus and material damping ratio relationships", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 131(4), 453-464. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:4(453).
  47. Zhang, Y., Wan, Y.G. and Zhao, Z.Y. (2023), "Determination of the Xingtai earthquake seismogenic structure based on the focal mechanism solution", China Earthq. Eng. J., 45(6), 1439-1448. https://doi.org/10.20000/j.1000-0844.20220806002.