Steel and Composite Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Optimizing roller compacted concrete pavement design for steel container stacking in heavy-duty terminals

  • Emin Sengun (Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University) ;
  • Sunghwan Kim (Program for Sustainable Pavement Engineering and Research, Iowa State University) ;
  • Halil Ceylan (Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University)
  • Received : 2024.05.16
  • Accepted : 2024.10.25
  • Published : 2024.12.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC) pavement has traditionally been recognized for its success in industrial paving because of its ability to bear heavy loads, reasonable cost, and low maintenance requirements. This study addresses two main objectives: firstly, to bridge a gap in existing literature by identifying critical container stacking configurations and examining the impact of joint load transfer on RCC pavement response; and secondly, to refine RCC pavement design for stacked-container applications through a comprehensive, multi-step approach. Handling the inadequacies of current design manuals in the literature, this research utilizes the ISLAB2005 FEA program, tailored for analyzing rigid pavement systems. After 84,000 simulations, the study recognizes the critical container stacking configuration, spanning single to multi-block arrangements. An additional 24,000 parametric analyses provided insights into diverse subgrade reactions, RCC strengths, and stacking heights, facilitating the development of a preliminary design thickness chart. Transfer functions based on three material permissible strength criteria (flexural, shearing, and bearing strength) were also developed. The findings indicate the significance of avoiding placing heavy loads near contraction joints, specifically construction (cold) joints. The culmination of this comprehensive approach is the development of a preliminary design chart that provides engineers with essential insights needed for making informed decisions regarding the thickness of RCC pavements in scenarios involving stacked containers.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The paper was prepared under the research project - TUBITAK 2219, "Investigation of Mechanistic-Empirical (M-E) Design Methods for Rigid Pavements (1059B192000563)" sponsored by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye and the RCC Pavement Council of the United States and conducted at the Iowa State University. The authors would like to express their gratitude with special thanks extended to Mr. Fares Abdo and Mr. Cory Zollinger (RCC Pavement Council) for supporting this study and providing helpful documentation and recommendations during the research process. The authors are grateful for the support provided for this study by the Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University and Iowa State University.

References

  1. AASHTO (2015), Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide- A Manual of Practice 2nd , MEPDG, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, WA, USA.
  2. ACI Committee 318 (2011), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, American Concrete Institute; Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
  3. ACI Committee 330-08 (2008), Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Parking Lots, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
  4. ACI Committee 330.2-17 (2020), Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Site Paving for Industrial and Trucking Facilities, American Concrete Institute; Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
  5. ALIZE LCPC (2016), French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport and, Development And Networks- ALIZE LCPC User Manual, V 1.5.
  6. Concrete Society (2016), Concrete Industrial Ground Floors, Technical Report 34, Concrete Society, www.concrete.org.uk
  7. ERES Consultants (1999), ISLAB2000 Finite Element Code for Rigid Pavement Analysis.Version 3.6, Champaign, IL, USA.
  8. Harrington, D., Abdo, F., Adaska, W., Hazaree, C.V, Ceylan, H. and Bektas, F. (2010), Guide for Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavements, In Institute for Transportation, Iowa State University.
  9. Hetenyi, M. (1950), "A general solution for the bending of beams on an elastic foundation of arbitrary continuity", J. Appl. Phys., 21(1), 55-58. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1699420
  10. ISO 668 (2020), Series 1 Freight Containers — Classification, Dimensions and Ratings, International Standard Organization, Published in Switzerland.
  11. Khayat, K.H., Libre, N.A. and Wu, Z. (2019), Roller Compacted Concrete for Rapid Pavement Construction, Missouri Department of Transport Center for Transportation Infrastructure and Safety/UTC program Missouri University of Science and Technology, Jefferson City, MO, USA.
  12. Knapton, J. (2007), The Structural Design of Heavy Duty Pavements for Ports and Other Industries, Interpave-British Port Association, Leicester, UK.
  13. NF P 98-086 (2011), Dimensionnement structurel des chaussses routieres"/ Road pavement structural design -Applicaton to new pavements (in French), Norme Francaise, FR.
  14. PIANC Working Group 165 (2015), Design and Maintenance of Container Terminal Pavements, The World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure, Brussels , Belgium.
  15. ROM 4.1-94 (1994), Guidelines for the Design and Construction of Port Pavements, Puertos del Estado (Government of Spain), Madrid, Spain.
  16. Sengun, E., Kim, S. and Ceylan, H. (2023), "A comparative study on structural design of plain and roller-compacted concrete for heavy-duty pavements", Road Mater. Pave. Des., (1)31, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2023.2209194.
  17. Sirimanne, S.N., Hoffman, J., Juan, W., Asariotis, R., Assaf, M., Ayala, G., Benamara, H., Chantrel, D., Hoffmann, J. and Premti, A. (2019), Review of Maritime Transport 2019. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, Switzerland.
  18. Tabatabaie, A.M. and Barenberg, E.J. (1980), "Structural analysis of concrete pavement systems", Transport. Eng. J. ASCE, 106(5), 493-506. https://doi.org/10.1061/TPEJAN.0000873
  19. VanRossum, G. and Drake, F.L. (2010), The Python Language Reference. Python Software Foundation Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  20. World Shipping Council (2022), World Shipping Council-Facts & Figures. https://www.worldshipping.org/facts-figures.