Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of initial static shear on liquefaction and pre-failure deformation of sand under bidirectional cyclic loading

  • Zhen-Dong Cui (State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology) ;
  • Tian-Yu Sui (State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology) ;
  • Dong-Tai She (State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology) ;
  • Li Yuan (State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology)
  • Received : 2023.04.16
  • Accepted : 2023.10.06
  • Published : 2023.11.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The effect of initial static shear τs on the dynamic characteristics of soil has been studied through extensive laboratory experiments over the past decades, but the influence of radial cyclic stress on its effect has rarely been considered. In this paper, a series of undrained triaxial tests were conducted to the saturated medium dense sand under axial and radial cyclic loadings with a phase difference of 180°. It is shown that the medium dense sand mainly performs two typical deformation response modes, including the accumulated plastic strain and cyclic mobility. The compressive static shear is conducive to the liquefaction resistance, while the extensional one is on the contrary. Such effects are magnified as p'0 increases, though the absolute value of CRR reduces. The radial cyclic load leads to a higher Nf compared with the loading in the single axial direction, and significantly affects the generation of the pore pressure and its relationship with the accumulation of the axial strain. The samples with the compressive static shear are more sensitive to the strain failure criteria. But for samples with extensional static shear, the limiting residual pore pressure ratio ur, lim precedes before the strain failure. For geotechnical applications, it is necessary to comprehensively consider both the pore pressure and strain failure criteria.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The work presented in this paper was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52378381).

References

  1. Andersen, K.H. (2009), "Bearing capacity under cyclic loading - offshore, along the coast, and on land", Can. Geotech. J., 46(5), 513-535. https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-003.
  2. Bradley, B.A. and Cubrinovski, M. (2011), "Near-source Strong Ground Motions Observed in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake", Seismol. Res. Lett., 82(6), 853-865. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.6.853.
  3. Chang, C.S. and Whitman, R.V. (1988), "Drained permanent deformation of sand due to cyclic loading", J. Geotech. Eng., 114(10), 1164-1180. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:10(1164).
  4. Chou, J.C. and Lin, D.G. (2020), "Incorporating ground motion effects into Sasaki and Tamura prediction equations of liquefaction-induced uplift of underground structures", Geomech. Eng., 22(1), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.22.1.025.
  5. Ghiasi, V. and Madah, S. (2022), "Investigation of increasing shear strength of dispersive clays using additives", Road, https://doi.org/10.22034/road.2022.324512.2023.
  6. Ghiasi, V. and Mozafari, V. (2018), "Seismic response of buried pipes to microtunnelling method under earthquake loads", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 113, 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.05.020.
  7. Ghiasi, V. and Tavagho Hamedani, H. (2022), "A review of soil improvement with waste and recycled materials and its impact on soil parameters", Road, https://doi.org/10.22034/road.2022.324228.2019.
  8. Hsiao, D.H. and Phan, V.T.A. (2014), "Effects of silt contents on the static and dynamic properties of sand-silt mixtures", Geomech. Eng., 7(3), 297-316. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.7.3.297.
  9. Huang, B., Hu, J.Q., Shi, M.X. and Chen, Y.M. (2011), "Comparison of dynamic properties of saturated sand under unidirectional and two-directional cyclic triaxial tests conditions", China Earthq. Eng. J., 33(1), 137-142.
  10. Hyodo, M., Tanimizu, H., Yasufuku, N. and Murata, H. (1994), "Undrained cyclic and monotonic triaxial behaviour of saturated loose sand", Soils Found., 34(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.34.19.
  11. Ishihara, K. (1993), "Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes", Geotechnique, 43(3), 351-415. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1993.43.3.351.
  12. Ishihara, K. (1996), Soil Behaviour In Earthquake Geotechnics, Clarendon Press,Oxford, UK.
  13. Kammerer, A.M., Pestana, J.M. and Seed, R.B. (2005), "Behavior of monterey 0/30 sand under multidirectional loading conditions", First Japan-U.S. Workshop on Testing, Modeling, and Simulation, Boston, June
  14. Konstadinou, M. and Georgiannou, V.N. (2013), "Cyclic behaviour of loose anisotropically consolidated Ottawa sand under undrained torsional loading", Geotechnique, 63(13), 1144-1158. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.P.145.
  15. Lee, K.L. and Seed, H.B. (1967), "Dynamic strength of anisotropically consolidated sand", J. Soil Mech. Found. Division, 93(5), 169-190. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001019.
  16. Liu, X.., Wang, R. and Zhang, J.M. (2018), "Centrifuge shaking table tests on 4 × 4 pile groups in liquefiable ground", Acta Geotech., 13(6), 1405-1418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0699-5.
  17. Liu, Z., Xue, J. and Ye, J. (2021), "The effects of unloading on drained cyclic behaviour of Sydney sand", Acta Geotech., 16(9), 2791-2804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01209-6.
  18. Liu, Z.Y., Qian, J.G., Yaghoubi, M. and Xue, J.F. (2021), "The effects of initial static deviatoric stress on liquefaction and pre-failure deformation characteristics of saturated sand under cyclic loading", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 149(2), 106870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106870.
  19. Masayuki, H., Adrian, F.L.H., Noritaka, A. and Yukio, N. (2002), "Undrained monotonic and cyclic shear behaviour of sand under low and high confining stresses", Soils Found., 42(3), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.42.3_63.
  20. Pan, K. and Yang, Z.X. (2018), "Effects of initial static shear on cyclic resistance and pore pressure generation of saturated sand", Acta Geotech., 13(2), 473-487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0614-5.
  21. Polito, C.P., Green, R.A. and Lee, J. (2008), "Pore pressure generation models for sands and silty soils subjected to cyclic loading", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 134(10), 1490-1500. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2008)134:10(1490).
  22. Randolph, M.F. (2012), Offshore Design Approaches and Model Tests for Sub-Failure Cyclic Loading of Foundations, Springer, Vienna, Austria.
  23. Rasouli, M.R., Moradi, M. and Ghalandarzadeh, A. (2021), "Effects of initial static shear stress orientation on cyclic behavior of calcareous sand", Mar. Georesour. Geotec., 39(5), 554-568. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119x.2020.1726535.
  24. Seed, H. (2011), "Earthquake-resistant design of earth dams", Can. Geotech. J., 4(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1139/t67-001.
  25. Sivathayalan, S. and Ha, D. (2004), "Effect of initial stress state on the cyclic simple shear behaviour of sands", Proceedings of the International Conference on Cyclic Behaviour of Soils and Liquefaction Phenomena, Bochum, Germany, Mar 31-Apr 02
  26. Sivathayalan, S. and Ha, D. (2011), "Effect of static shear stress on the cyclic resistance of sands in simple shear loading", Can. Geotech. J., 48(10), 1471-1484. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-056.
  27. Sonmezer, Y.B., Akyuz, A. and Kayabali, K. (2020), "Investigation of the effect of grain size on liquefaction potential of sands", Geomech. Eng., 20(3), 243-254. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.20.3.243.
  28. Tsaparli, V., Kontoe, S., Taborda, D.M. and Potts, D.M. (2016), "Vertical ground motion and its effects on liquefaction resistance of fully saturated sand deposits", Proc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 472(2192), 20160434. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0434.
  29. Vaid, Y., Stedman, J.D. and Sivathayalan, S. (2001), "Confining stress and static shear effects in cyclic liquefaction", Can. Geotech. J., 38(3), 580-591. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-120.
  30. Vaid, Y.P. and Chern, J.C. (1985), "Cyclic and monotonic undrained response of saturated sands", Advances in the Art of Testing Soils Under Cyclic Conditions, Detroit, Michigan, United States,
  31. Vaid, Y.P., Chung, E.K.F. and Kuerbis, R.H. (1989), "Preshearing and undrained response of sand", Soils Found., 29(4), 49-61. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.29.4_49.
  32. Vaid, Y.P. and Sivathayalan, S. (1996), "Static and cyclic liquefaction potential of Fraser Delta sand in simple shear and triaxial tests", Can. Geotech. J., 33(2), 281-289. https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-007.
  33. Wichtmann, T., Niemunis, A. and Triantafyllidis, T. (2006), "Experimental evidence of a unique flow rule of non-cohesive soils under high-cyclic loading", Acta Geotech., 1(1), 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-006-0006-8.
  34. Yang, J. (2004), "Reappraisal of vertical motion effects on soil liquefaction", Geotechnique, 54(10), 671-676. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.10.671.
  35. Yang, J., Liang, L.B. and Chen, Y. (2022), "Instability and liquefaction flow slide of granular soils: the role of initial shear stress", Acta Geotech., 17(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01200-1.
  36. Yang, J., Sato, T., Savidis, S. and Li, X.S. (2002), "Horizontal and vertical components of earthquake ground motions at liquefiable sites", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 22(3), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0267-7261(02)00010-6.
  37. Yang, J. and Sze, H.Y. (2011), "Cyclic behaviour and resistance of saturated sand under non-symmetrical loading conditions", Geotechnique, 61(1), 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.P.019.
  38. Yang, J. and Sze, H.Y. (2011), "Cyclic strength of sand under sustained shear stress", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 137(12), 1275-1285. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000541.
  39. Yang, Z.X. and Pan, K. (2017), "Flow deformation and cyclic resistance of saturated loose sand considering initial static shear effect", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 92(9), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.09.002.