Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine (대한예방의학회)
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Correlations Among Maternal and Infant Factors, Lead Exposure, and Serum Prolactin Levels During Lactation: A Cross-sectional Study in Indonesia

  • Linda Ratna Wati (Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya) ;
  • Djanggan Sargowo (Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya/Universitas Brawijaya Hospital) ;
  • Tatit Nurseta (Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya) ;
  • Lilik Zuhriyah (Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya) ;
  • Bambang Rahardjo (Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya)
  • Received : 2023.05.20
  • Accepted : 2023.07.28
  • Published : 2023.09.30
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Abstract

Objectives: Prolactin is vital for breastfeeding and milk production, and its secretion is influenced by factors related to the mother, infant, and environment. To date, no study has concurrently investigated the correlation of these factors with serum prolactin levels during lactation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the correlations among maternal and infant factors, lead exposure, and serum prolactin levels during lactation. Methods: A cross-sectional approach was employed in Surabaya, Indonesia, among 110 exclusively lactating mothers. The mothers' daily diets were determined using multiple 24-hour recalls, while blood lead levels were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Serum prolactin levels were assessed using the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. For bivariate analysis, we employed the Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, while for multivariate analysis, we utilized multiple linear regression. Results: The average serum prolactin level of the lactating mothers was 129.19±88.96 ng/mL. Positive correlations were found between serum prolactin levels and breastfeeding frequency (p<0.001), protein intake (p<0.001), and calcium intake (p=0.011) but had negative correlation with blood lead levels (p<0.001) and vitamin B6 intake (p=0.003). Additionally, prolactin levels were not significantly associated with maternal age; parity; intake of calories, vitamin D, vitamin E, zinc, folic acid, magnesium, or iron; infant age; or infant sex. Conclusions: Breastfeeding frequency had a stronger positive relationship with serum prolactin levels than protein and calcium intake. However, lead exposure was associated with reduced serum prolactin levels during lactation. Consequently, specific interventions from policymakers are necessary to manage breastfeeding in mothers exposed to lead.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

We would like to express our gratitude to everyone who contributed to this research, to all the participants involved in the study, and to Universitas Brawijaya.

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