Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korea Government (MIST) [grant No. 2020R1A2C2014450] and by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education [grant No. 2022R1I1A1A01053382].
References
- Breiman, L. (2001), "Random Forests", Mach. Learn., 45, 5-32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324
- Byun, N. and Kang, Y.-J. (2023), "Improved estimation method of global deformation and internal forces for cable-stayed bridge using neural network and limited displacement data", Available at SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4329171
- Byun, N., Lee, J., Won, J.-Y. and Kang, Y.-J. (2022), "Structural responses estimation of cable-stayed bridge from limited number of multi-response data", Sensors, 22, 3745. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103745
- Castellon, D.F., Fenerci, A. and Oiseth, O. (2021), "A comparative study of wind-induced dynamic response models of long-span bridges using artificial neural networks, support vector regression and buffeting theory", J. Wind Eng. Indust. Aerodyn., 209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104484
- Cho, S., Sim, S., Park, O. and Lee, J. (2014), "Extension of indirect displacement estimation method using acceleration and strain to various types of beam structures", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 14(4), 699-718. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2014.14.4.699
- Cho, S., Yun, C.-B. and Sim, S.-H. (2015), "Displacement estimation of bridge structures using data fusion of acceleration and strain measurement incorporating finite element model", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 15(3), 645-663. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2015.15.3.645
- Choi, J.H., Lee, K.S. and Kang, Y.J. (2017a), "Quasi-static responses estimation of a cable-stayed bridge from displacement data at a limited number of points", Int. J. Steel Struct., 17, 789-800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-017-6032-6
- Cortes, C. and Vapnik, V. (1995), "Support-vector networks", Mach. Learn., 20, 273-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994018
- Deng, H., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Ma, M. and Zhong, X. (2019), "Modal learning displacement-strain transformation", Rev. Scientif. Instrum., 90, 075113. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5100905
- Duan, D.Y., Wang, Z.C., Sun, X.T. and Xin, Y. (2022), "A data fusion method for bridge displacement reconstruction based on LSTM networks", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 29(4), 599-616. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2022.29.4.599
- Foss, G.C. and Haugse, E.D. (1995), "Using modal test results to develop strain to displacement transformation", Proceedings of the 13th International Modal Analysis Conference, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Gulgec, N.S., Takac, M. and Pakzad, S.N. (2020), "Structural sensing with deep learning: Strain estimation from acceleration data for fatigue assessment", Comput.-Aided Civil Infrastr. Eng., 35, 1349-1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12565
- Hou, X., Yang, X. and Huang, Q. (2005), "Using inclinometers to measure bridge deflection", J. Bridge Eng., 10, 564-569. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:5(564)
- Kim, S., Won, D.H. and Kang, Y.J. (2016a), "Ultimate behavior of steel cable-stayed bridges - I. Rational ultimate analysis method", Int. J. Steel Struct., 16(2), 601-624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-016-6027-8
- Kim, S., Won, D.H. and Kang, Y.J. (2016b), "Ultimate behavior of steel cable-stayed bridges - II. Parametric study", Int. J. Steel Struct., 16(2), 625-636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-016-6028-7
- Kliewer, K. and Glisic, B. (2019), "A comparison of strain-based methods for the evaluation of the relative displacement of beam-like structures", Front. Built Environ., 15, p. 118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2019.00118
- Koo, K.Y., Brownjohn, J.M.W., List, D.I. and Cole, R. (2013), "Structural health monitoring of the Tamar suspension bridge", Struct. Control Health Monitor., 20, 609-625. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1481
- Lei, X., Siringoringo, D.M., Dong, Y. and Sun, Z. (2023), "Interpretable machine learning methods for clarification of load-displacement effects on cable-stayed bridge", Measurement, 220, p. 113390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113390
- Lee, H.S., Hong, Y.H. and Park, H.W. (2010), "Design of an FIR filter for the displacement reconstruction using measured acceleration in low-frequency dominant structures", Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 82, 403-434. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.2769
- Li, L., Zhong, B.-S., Li, W.-Q., Sun, W. and Zhu, X.-J. (2017), "Structural shape reconstruction of fiber Bragg grating flexible plate based on strain modes using finite element method", J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., 29, 463-478. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17708480
- Li, J., He, Z. and Fan, G. (2022), "Structural health monitoring response reconstruction based on UAGAN under structural condition variations with few-shot learning", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 30(6), 687-701. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2023.30.6.687
- Moon, H.S., Ok, S., Chun, P.-j. and Lim, Y.M. (2019), "Artificial neural network for vertical displacement prediction of a bridge from strains (Part 1): girder bridge under moving vehicles", Appl. Sci., 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142881
- Oh, B.K., Glisic, B., Kim, Y. and Park, H.S. (2019), "Convolutional neural network-based wind-induced response estimation model for tall buildings", Comput.-Aided Civil Infrastr. Eng., 34, 843-858. https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12476
- Park, K.-T., Kim, S.-H., Park, H.-S. and Lee, K.-W. (2005), "The determination of bridge displacement using measured acceleration", Eng. Struct., 27, 371-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.10.013
- Park, J.-W., Sim, S.-H., Jung, H.-J., Spencer Jr, B.F. (2013), "Development of a wireless displacement measurement system using acceleration responses", Sensors, 13, 8377-8392. https://doi.org/10.3390/s130708377
- Rapp, S., Kang, L.-H., Han, J.-H., Mueller, U.C. and Baier, H. (2009), "Displacement field estimation for a two-dimensional structure using fiber bragg grating sensors", Smart Mater. Struct., 18, 025006. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/18/2/025006
- Sarwar, M.Z. and Park, J. (2020), "Bridge displacement estimation using a co-located acceleration and strain", Sensors, 20, 1109. https://dx.doi.org/10.20944/preprints202001.0253.v1
- Shin, S., Lee, S.-U., Kim, Y. and Kim, N.-S. (2012), "Estimation of bridge displacement responses using FBG sensors and theoretical mode shapes", Struct. Eng. Mech., Int. J., 42(2), 229-245. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2012.42.2.229
- Sun, L., Sun, Z., Dan, D., Zhang, Q. and Huang, H. (2009), "Researches and implementations of structural health monitoring systems for long span bridges in China", JSCE, 26, 13s-27s. https://doi.org/10.2208/jsceseee.26.13s
- Wong, K.-Y. (2004), "Instrumentation and health monitoring of cable-supported bridges", Struct. Control Health Monitor., 11, 91-124. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.33
- Wu, R.-T. and Jahanshahi, M.R. (2019), "Deep convolutional neural network for structural dynamic response estimation and system identification", J. Eng. Mech., 145, 04018125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0001556
- Xue, J. and Ou, G. (2021), "Predicting wind-induced structural response with LSTM in transmission tower-line system", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 28(3), 391-405. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2021.28.3.391
- Ye, X.-W., Sun, Z. and Lu, J. (2023), "Prediction and early warning of wind-induced girder and tower vibration in cable-stayed bridges with machine learning-based approach", Eng. Struct., 275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115261
- Zhang, Q., Fu, X., Sun, Z. and Ren, L. (2022), "A smart multi-rate data fusion method for displacement reconstruction of beam structures", Sensors, 22, 3167. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093167