Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Dr. Kamei, Nippon Bunri University and those who are in Nippon Bunri University Medical College for their valuable discussions and advice.
References
- United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Source, effects and risks of ionizing radiation: UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report. Vol II. United Nations; 2022.
- Kai M, Homma T, Lochard J, Schneider T, Lecomte JF, Nisbet A, et al. Radiological protection of people and the environment in the event of a large nuclear accident. ICRP Publication 146. Ann ICRP. 2020;49(4):5-135.
- ICRU Report 92: Radiation monitoring for protection of the public after major releases of radionuclides to the environment. J ICRU. 2015;15(1-2):1-244. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicru_ndy011
- Yajima K, Kim E, Tani K, Tatsuzaki H, Li C, Kurihara O. A screening survey exercise for thyroid internal exposure from radioiodine after a nuclear accident. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2019;183(4):482-487. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncy175
- Kim E, Yajima K, Hashimoto S, Tani K, Igarashi Y, Iimoto T, et al. Reassessment of internal thyroid doses to 1,080 children examined in a screening survey after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. Health Phys. 2020;118(1):36-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000001125
- Drozdovitch V, Khrouch V, Minenko V, Konstantinov Y, Khrutchinsky A, Kutsen S, et al. Influence of the external and internal radioactive contamination of the body and the clothes on the results of the thyroidal 131I measurements conducted in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident. Part 1: estimation of the external and internal radioactive contamination. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2019;58(2):195-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-019-00784-3
- Kutsen S, Khrutchinsky A, Minenko V, Voilleque P, Bouville A, Drozdovitch V. Influence of the external and internal radioactive contamination of the body and the clothes on the results of the thyroidal 131I measurements conducted in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident. Part 2: Monte Carlo simulation of response of detectors near the thyroid. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2019;58(2):215-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-019-00785-2
- Terada H, Katata G, Chino M, Nagai H. Atmospheric discharge and dispersion of radionuclides during the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Part II: verification of the source term and analysis of regional-scale atmospheric dispersion. J Environ Radioact. 2012;112:141-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.05.023
- Kobayashi T, Nagai H, Chino M, Kawamura H. Source term estimation of atmospheric release due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident by atmospheric and oceanic dispersion simulations. J Nucl Sci Technol. 2013;50(3):255-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2013.772449
- Katata G, Chino M, Kobayashi T, Terada H, Ota M, Nagai H, et al. Detailed source term estimation of the atmospheric release for the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident by coupling simulations of an atmospheric dispersion model with an improved deposition scheme and oceanic dispersion model. Atmos Chem Phys. 2015;15(2):1029-1070. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1029-2015
- Ohba T, Miyazaki M, Sato H, Hasegawa A, Sakuma M, Yusa T, et al. A strategy for a rapid radiological screening survey in large scale radiation accidents: a lesson from an individual survey after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accidents. Health Phys. 2014;107(1):10-17. https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000000044
- Ohba T, Hasegawa A, Kohayagawa Y, Kondo H, Suzuki G. Body surface contamination levels of residents under different evacuation scenarios after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Health Phys. 2017;113(3):175-182. https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000000690
- Ohba T, Hasegawa A, Suzuki G. Estimated thyroid inhalation doses based on body surface contamination levels of evacuees after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Health Phys. 2019;117(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000000990
- Omori Y, Hosoda M, Takahashi F, Sanada T, Hirao S, Ono K, et al. Japanese population dose from natural radiation. J Radiol Prot. 2020;40(3):R99-R140. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6498/ab73b1
- Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 緊急時の甲状腺被ばく線量モニタリングに関する検討チーム会合報告書 [Report of the Study Team Meeting on Emergency Thyroid Exposure Dose Monitoring] [Internet]. Nuclear Regulation Authority; 2021 [cited 2023 Aug 25]. Available from: https://www.nra.go.jp/data/000360345.pdf (Japanese).
- Yajima K, Kim E, Tani K, Ogawa M, Igarashi Y, Kowatari M, et al. Development of a new hand-held type thyroid monitor using multiple GAGG detectors for young children following a nuclear accident. Radiat Meas. 2022;150:106683.
- Japan Radioisotope Association. Isotope notebook. Japan Radioisotope Association; 2011.
- Yamada K, Fujii K, Kanda H, Higashi D, Kobayashi T, Nakagawa M, et al. JAEA-Review 2013-033: Survey of radiation protection creiteria following the accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant [Internet]. Japan Atomic Energy Agency; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 25]. Available from: https://jopss.jaea.go.jp/pdf-data/JAEA-Review-2013-033.pdf (Japanese).
- Tokonami S, Hosoda M, Akiba S, Sorimachi A, Kashiwakura I, Balonov M. Thyroid doses for evacuees from the Fukushima nuclear accident. Sci Rep. 2012;2:507.
- International Commission on Radiological Protection. Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 1. ICRP Publication 56. Ann ICRP. 1990;20(2):1-122.
- International Commission on Radiological Protection. Individual monitoring for intakes of radionuclides by workers. ICRP Publication 54. Ann ICRP. 1989;19(1-3):1-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6453(88)90047-4
- International Commission on Radiological Protection. Individual monitoring for internal exposure of workers (preface and glossary missing). ICRP Publication 78. Ann ICRP. 1997;27(3-4):1-161.