Journal of Pharmacopuncture (대한약침학회지)

KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE (대한약침학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Characterization of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci and Drug Ligand Interaction between vanA of E. faecalis with the Bio-Compounds from Aegles marmelos

  • Jayavarsha V (Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University) ;
  • Smiline Girija A.S (Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University) ;
  • Shoba Gunasekaran (Department of Biotechnology, DG Vaishnav College of Arts and Science) ;
  • Vijayashree Priyadharsini J (Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University)
  • Received : 2023.03.13
  • Accepted : 2023.08.30
  • Published : 2023.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: Enterococcus faecalis is a gram positive diplococci, highly versatile and a normal commensal of the gut microbiome. Resistance to vancomycin is a serious issue in various health-care setting exhibited by vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) due to the alteration in the peptidoglycan synthesis pathway. This study is thus aimed to detect the VRE from the patients with root caries from the clinical isolates of E. faecalis and to evaluate the in-silico interactions between vanA and the Aegles marmelos bio-compounds. Methods: E. faecalis was phenotypically characterized from 20 root caries samples and the frequency of vanA and vanB genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Further crude methanolic extracts from the dried leaves of A. marmelos was assessed for its antimicrobial activity. This is followed by the selection of five A. marmelos bio-compounds for the computational approach towards the drug ligand interactions. Results: 12 strains (60%) of E. faecalis was identified from the root caries samples and vanA was detected from two strains (16%). Both the stains showed the presence of vanA and none of the strains possessed vanB. Crude extract of A. marmelos showed promising antibacterial activity against the VRE strains. In-silico analysis of the A. marmelos biocompounds revealed Imperatonin as the best compound with high docking energy (-8.11) and hydrogen bonds with < 140 TPSA (Topological polar surface area) and zero violations. Conclusion: The present study records the VRE strains among the root caries with imperatorin from A. marmelos as a promising drug candidate. However the study requires further experimentation and validation.

Keywords

References

  1. Ceci M, Delpech G, Sparo M, Mezzina V, Sanchez Bruni S, Baldaccini B. Clinical and microbiological features of bacteremia caused by Enterococcus faecalis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015;9(11):1195-203. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6587
  2. Kayaoglu G, Orstavik D. Virulence factors of Enterococcus faecalis: relationship to endodontic disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2004;15(5):308-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130401500506
  3. Love RM. Enterococcus faecalis--a mechanism for its role in endodontic failure. Int Endod J. 2001;34(5):399-405. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2001.00437.x
  4. Sahu LS, Dash M, Paty BP, Purohit GK, Chayani N. Enterococcal infections and antimicrobial resistance in a tertiary care hospital, Eastern India. Afro-Egypt J Infect Endem Dis. 2015;5(4):255-64. https://doi.org/10.21608/aeji.2015.17846
  5. Arthur M, Quintiliani R Jr. Regulation of VanA- and VanB-type glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45(2):375-81. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.2.375-381.2001
  6. Ben Yahia H, Chairat S, Hamdi N, Gharsa H, Ben Sallem R, Ceballos S, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages of faecal enterococci of wild birds: emergence of vanA and vanB2 harbouring Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;52(6):936-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.05.005
  7. Zirakzadeh A, Patel R. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: colonization, infection, detection, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81(4):529-36. https://doi.org/10.4065/81.4.529
  8. Haenni M, Saras E, Chatre P, Meunier D, Martin S, Lepage G, et al. vanA in Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus casseliflavus detected in French cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2009;6(9):1107-11.
  9. Willems RPJ, van Dijk K, Vehreschild MJGT, Biehl LM, Ket JCF, Remmelzwaal S, et al. Incidence of infection with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in carriers: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(6):719-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00811-8
  10. Sabu MC, Kuttan R. Antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos and its relationship with its antioxidant properties. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;48(1):81-8.
  11. Venthodika A, Chhikara N, Mann S, Garg MK, Sofi SA, Panghal A. Bioactive compounds of Aegle marmelos L., medicinal values and its food applications: a critical review. Phytother Res. 2021;35(4):1887-907. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6934
  12. Rahman S, Parvin R. Therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos (L.)-an overview. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014;4(1):71-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60318-2
  13. Kothari S, Mishra V, Bharat S, Tonpay SD. Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of serial extracts from leaves of Aegle marmelos (Linn.). Acta Pol Pharm. 2011;68(5):687-92.
  14. Sogasu D, Girija ASS, Gunasekaran S, Priyadharsini JV. Molecular characterization and epitope-based vaccine predictions for ompA gene associated with biofilm formation in multidrug-resistant strains of A.baumannii. In Silico Pharmacol. 2021;9(1):15.
  15. Gupta V, Singla N, Behl P, Sahoo T, Chander J. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of vancomycin resistant enterococci to newer antimicrobial agents. Indian J Med Res. 2015;141(4):483-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.159309
  16. Meena RK, Pareek A, Meena RR. Antimicrobial activity of Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) plant extracts. Int J MediPharm Res. 2016; 2(1):1-5.
  17. Sassone LM, Fidel RA, Murad CF, Fidel SR, Hirata R Jr. Antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine by two different tests. Aust Endod J. 2008;34(1):19-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4477.2007.00071.x
  18. Priyadharsini VJ, Smilinegirija AS, Paramasivam A. Enterococcus faecalis an emerging microbial menace in dentistry-an insight into the in-silico detection of drug resistant genes and its protein diversity. J Clin Diagn Res. 2018;12(10):6-10.
  19. Dahms RA, Johnson EM, Statz CL, Lee JT, Dunn DL, Beilman GJ. Third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin as risk factors for postoperative vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection. Arch Surg. 1998;133(12):1343-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.133.12.1343
  20. Nair PN, Henry S, Cano V, Vera J. Microbial status of apical root canal system of human mandibular first molars with primary apical periodontitis after "one-visit" endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;99(2):231-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.10.005
  21. Siren EK, Haapasalo MP, Ranta K, Salmi P, Kerosuo EN. Microbiological findings and clinical treatment procedures in endodontic cases selected for microbiological investigation. Int Endod J. 1997;30(2):91-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1997.tb00680.x
  22. Croughan S, O'Cronin D, O'Brien D, Roberts F, Underwood S, O'Connell J, et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients attending for colonoscopy: an estimate of community prevalence. Ir Med J. 2022;115(8):649.
  23. Bourgeois-Nicolaos N, Moubareck C, Mangeney N, Butel MJ, Doucet-Populaire F. Comparative study of vanA gene transfer from Enterococcus faecium to Enterococcus faecalis and to Enterococcus faecium in the intestine of mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2006;254(1):27-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00004.x
  24. Sarojini KS, Arivarasu L, SmilineGirijaA S. Herbal formulation: review of efficacy, safety, and regulations. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2020;11(SPL3):1506-10. https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3467
  25. S V, Chaly PE, Girija S, R R, K P, Priyadharsini V. Antimicrobial activity of gotukola leaves and neem leaves - a comparative invitro study. J Ayurveda Holist Med. 2015;3(3)11-5.
  26. Poonkothai M, Saravanan M. Antibacterial activity of Aegle marmelos against leaf, bark and fruit extracts. Anc Sci Life. 2008;27(3):15-8.
  27. Benni JM, Jayanthi MK, Suresha RN. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Aegle marmelos (Bilwa) root. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011;43(4):393-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.83108