Wind and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The 2021 Australian/New Zealand Standard, AS/NZS 1170.2:2021

  • John D. Holmes (JDH Consulting) ;
  • Richard G.J. Flay (Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Auckland) ;
  • John D. Ginger (College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University) ;
  • Matthew Mason (School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland) ;
  • Antonios Rofail (Windtech Consultants) ;
  • Graeme S. Wood (Arup Group)
  • Received : 2022.08.12
  • Accepted : 2023.07.05
  • Published : 2023.08.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The latest revision of AS/NZS 1170.2 incorporates some new research and knowledge on strong winds, climate change, and shape factors for new structures of interest such as solar panels. Unlike most other jurisdictions, Australia and New Zealand covers a vast area of land, a latitude range from 11° to 47°S climatic zones from tropical to cold temperate, and virtually every type of extreme wind event. The latter includes gales from synoptic-scale depressions, severe convectively-driven downdrafts from thunderstorms, tropical cyclones, downslope winds, and tornadoes. All except tornadoes are now covered within AS/NZS 1170.2. The paper describes the main features of the 2021 edition with emphasis on the new content, including the changes in the regional boundaries, regional wind speeds, terrain-height, topographic and direction multipliers. A new 'climate change multiplier' has been included, and the gust and turbulence profiles for over-water winds have been revised. Amongst the changes to the provisions for shape factors, values are provided for ground-mounted solar panels, and new data are provided for curved roofs. New methods have been given for dynamic response factors for poles and masts, and advice given for acceleration calculations for high-rise buildings and other dynamically wind-sensitive structures.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the contributions of other members of committees BD006-02 and BD006, during the development of AS/NZS 1170.2:2021, as well as the many users of the Standard who contributed in the public comment period. The authors also acknowledge the valuable contributions of Dr A.A.S. Pirooz and Dr R. Turner to the analysis of the New Zealand wind data.

References

  1. American Society of Civil Engineers (2022), Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures, ASCE/SEI 7-22.
  2. Australasian Wind Engineering Society (2022), Wind Loading Handbook for Australia and New Zealand - Background to AS/NZS1170.2 Wind actions, AWES-HB-001-2022, Australasian Wind Engineering Society. https://www.awes.org/product-category/books-literature/.
  3. Blackmore, P.A. and Tsokri, E. (2006), "Wind loads on curved roofs", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aero. 94, 833-844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2006.06.006
  4. Blessman, J. (1998), "Wind loads on isolated and adjacent industrial pavillion curved roofs", Jubileum Conference on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, Porto Alegre, Brazil, May 25-29, Proceedings, Balkema, Rotterdam, 137-171.
  5. British Standards Institution (2005), Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. Part 1-4: General actions - wind actions, EN1991-1-4:2005, BSI, London, UK.
  6. Deaves, D.M. and Harris, R.I. (1978), "A mathematical model of the structure of strong winds", CIRIA Report 76, Construction Industry Research and Information Association, London, UK.
  7. Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) (1983), Strong winds in the atmospheric boundary layer. Part 2: discrete gust speeds, Data Item 83045, ESDU International, London, UK.
  8. Flay, R.G.J., Turner, R., Revell, M., Carpenter, P., Cenek, P. and King, A. (2012), "Wind speed up over hills and complex terrain, and the risk to infrastructure", 18th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Launceston, TAS, Australia. December 3-7.
  9. Flay, R.G.J., King, A.B., Revell, M., Carpenter, P., Turner, R., Cenek, P. and Pirooz, A.A.S. (2019), "Wind speed measurements and predictions over Belmont Hill, Wellington, New Zealand", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 195, 104018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.104018.
  10. Gunter, W.G. and Schroeder, J.L. (2015), "High-resolution full-scale measurements of thunderstorm outflow winds", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 138, 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.12.005.
  11. Holmes, J.D. (2017), "Roughness lengths and turbulence intensities for wind over water", 9th Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand, December 3-7.
  12. Holmes, J.D. and Ginger, J.D. (2009), "Codification of internal pressures for design", 7th Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan, November 8-12.
  13. Holmes, J.D. and Ginger, J.D. (2012a), "The gust wind speed duration in AS-NZS 1170.2", Aust.J. Struct. Eng., 13(3), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.7158/13287982.2012.11465111.
  14. Holmes, J.D. and Ginger, J.D. (2012b), "Internal pressures- the dominant windward opening case - a review", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 100, 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2011.11.005.
  15. Holmes, J.D., Hangan, H.M., Schroeder, J.L., Letchford, C.W. and Orwig, K.D. (2008), "A forensic study of the Lubbock-Reese downdraft of 2002", Wind Struct., 11(2), 137-152. https://doi.org 10.12989/was.2008.11.2.137.
  16. International Organization for Standardization (2009), Wind actions on structures, International Standard ISO 4354:2009, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.
  17. International Organization for Standardization (2015), Petroleum and natural gas industries - Specific requirements for offshore structures. Part 1 Metocean design and operating considerations, International Standard, ISO 19901-1:2015, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.
  18. Letchford, C.W. and Illidge, G. (2011), "Turbulence and topographic effects in simulated thunderstorm downdrafts by wind tunnel jet", 10th International Conference on Wind Engineering, Amsterdam, Netherlands, December 3-7. 
  19. Lombardo, F.T. (2021), "History of the 3-second gust", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 208, 104447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104447.
  20. Lombardo, F.T., Smith, D.A., Schroeder, J.L. and Mehta, K.C. (2014), "Thunderstorm characteristics of importance in wind engineering", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 125, 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.12.004
  21. Mason, M.S., Wood, G.S. and Fletcher, D.F. (2010), "Numerical investigation of the influence of topography on simulated downburst wind fields", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 98, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2009.08.011.
  22. Natalini, M.B., Morel, C., Natalini, B. and Canavesio, O. (2009), "Mean loads on vaulted canopy roofs: tests in boundary layer wind tunnel", 11th Americas Conference on Wind Engineering, San Juan, Puerto Rico, June 22-26.
  23. Natalini, M.B., Morel, C. and Natalini, B. (2013), "Mean loads on vaulted canopy roofs", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 119,102-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.05.001.
  24. Natalini, B. and Natalini, M.B. (2017), "Wind loads on buildings with vaulted roofs and side walls - A review", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 161, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2016.12.004.
  25. Noguez-Ceron, M., Wood, G. and Lynar, A. (2016), "Asymmetric wind loading on large roof structures", 18th Australasian Wind Engineering Society Workshop, McLaren Vale, South Australia.
  26. Peoples, B. (2014), "Wind loads on ore stockpile covers", BE Thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
  27. Pirooz, A.A.S. and Flay, R.G.J. (2018), "Comparison of speed-up over hills derived from wind-tunnel experiments, wind-loading standards, and numerical modelling", Bound. Lay. Met. 168(2), 213-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-018-0350-x
  28. Pirooz, A.A., Flay, R.G.J. and Turner, R. (2021), "New Zealand design wind speeds, directional and lee-zone multipliers proposed for AS/NZS 1170.2:2021", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 208, 104412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104412.
  29. Powell, M.D., Vickery, P.J. and Reinhold, T.A. (2003), "Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones", Nature, 422, 279-283. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature0148.
  30. Rofail, A. (2018), "Review of AS/NZS1170.2:2011, Section 6.3.2", Research Report WD200-13; Windtech Consultants, Bexley, NSW, Australia. https://windtechconsult.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/WD200-13-rev0-Review-of-Cross-wind.pdf.
  31. Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand (2016), Overhead line design, Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS7000:2016, Standards Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
  32. Standards Australia (2021), Structural Design Actions. Part 2 Wind Actions, Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS1170.2:2021, Standards Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.