Korean Circulation Journal

  • 제53권7호
  • /
  • Pages.425-451
  • /
  • 2023
  • /
  • 1738-5520(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1738-5555(eISSN)
대한심장학회 (The Korean Society of Cardiology)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Korean Society of Heart Failure Guidelines for the Management of Heart Failure: Management of the Underlying Etiologies and Comorbidities of Heart Failure

  • Sang Min Park (Division of Cardiology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine) ;
  • Soo Youn Lee (Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Incheon Sejong Hospital) ;
  • Mi-Hyang Jung (Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Research Institute for Intractable Cardiovascular Disease, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) ;
  • Jong-Chan Youn (Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Research Institute for Intractable Cardiovascular Disease, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) ;
  • Darae Kim (Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Jae Yeong Cho (Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Dong-Hyuk Cho (Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University Medicine) ;
  • Junho Hyun (Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine) ;
  • Hyun-Jai Cho (Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital) ;
  • Seong-Mi Park (Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University Medicine) ;
  • Jin-Oh Choi (Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Wook-Jin Chung (Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine) ;
  • Seok-Min Kang (Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Byung-Su Yoo (Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine) ;
  • Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Society of Heart Failure (Korean Society of Heart Failure)
  • 투고 : 2023.03.20
  • 심사 : 2023.07.11
  • 발행 : 2023.07.01
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Most patients with heart failure (HF) have multiple comorbidities, which impact their quality of life, aggravate HF, and increase mortality. Cardiovascular comorbidities include systemic and pulmonary hypertension, ischemic and valvular heart diseases, and atrial fibrillation. Non-cardiovascular comorbidities include diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney and pulmonary diseases, iron deficiency and anemia, and sleep apnea. In patients with HF with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors combined with calcium channel blockers and/or diuretics is an effective treatment regimen. Measurement of pulmonary vascular resistance via right heart catheterization is recommended for patients with HF considered suitable for implantation of mechanical circulatory support devices or as heart transplantation candidates. Coronary angiography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and reperfusion in patients with HF and angina pectoris refractory to antianginal medications. In patients with HF and atrial fibrillation, longterm anticoagulants are recommended according to the CHA2DS2-VASc scores. Valvular heart diseases should be treated medically and/or surgically. In patients with HF and DM, metformin is relatively safer; thiazolidinediones cause fluid retention and should be avoided in patients with HF and dyspnea. In renal insufficiency, both volume status and cardiac performance are important for therapy guidance. In patients with HF and pulmonary disease, beta-blockers are underused, which may be related to increased mortality. In patients with HF and anemia, iron supplementation can help improve symptoms. In obstructive sleep apnea, continuous positive airway pressure therapy helps avoid severe nocturnal hypoxia. Appropriate management of comorbidities is important for improving clinical outcomes in patients with HF.

키워드

과제정보

This article has been published jointly, with consent, in both Korean Circulation Journal and International Journal of Heart Failure. Also, the final version of this guideline was endorsed by Korean Society of Cardiology, Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Korean Association of Clinical Cardiology, Korean Society of Hypertension, Korean Society of Heart Failure, Korean Society of Echocardiography, Korean Society of Interventional Cardiology, Korean Heart Rhythm Society, and Korean Society of CardioMetabolic Syndrome.

참고문헌

  1. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006;367:1747-57.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9
  2. Feigin VL, Roth GA, Naghavi M, et al. Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries, during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Neurol 2016;15:913-24.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30073-4
  3. Oh GC, Cho HJ. Blood pressure and heart failure. Clin Hypertens 2020;26:1. 
  4. Stewart Coats AJ. Common co-morbidities in heart failure - diabetes, functional mitral regurgitation and sleep apnoea. Int J Heart Fail 2019;1:25-41.  https://doi.org/10.36628/ijhf.2019.0004
  5. Sawamura A, Kajiura H, Sumi T, et al. Clinical impact of worsening renal function in elderly patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Int J Heart Fail 2021;3:128-37.  https://doi.org/10.36628/ijhf.2020.0050
  6. Choi DJ, Han S, Jeon ES, et al. Characteristics, outcomes and predictors of long-term mortality for patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: a report from the Korean Heart Failure Registry. Korean Circ J 2011;41:363-71. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2011.41.7.363
  7. Lee SE, Lee HY, Cho HJ, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of acute heart failure in Korea: results from the Korean Acute Heart Failure Registry (KorAHF). Korean Circ J 2017;47:341-53.  https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2016.0419
  8. SPRINT Research Group, Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, et al. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2103-16.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1511939
  9. Heart Failure Society of America, Lindenfeld J, Albert NM, et al. HFSA 2010 comprehensive heart failure practice guideline. J Card Fail 2010;16:e1-194.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.04.004
  10. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018;39:3021-104.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
  11. Lee HY, Shin J, Kim GH, et al. 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of hypertension: part II-diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Clin Hypertens 2019;25:20. 
  12. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2021;42:3599-726.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368
  13. Packer M, O'Connor CM, Ghali JK, et al. Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1107-14.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199610103351504
  14. Cohn JN, Pfeffer MA, Rouleau J, et al. Adverse mortality effect of central sympathetic inhibition with sustained-release moxonidine in patients with heart failure (MOXCON). Eur J Heart Fail 2003;5:659-67.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-9842(03)00163-6
  15. Fagard RH, Celis H, Thijs L, Wouters S. Regression of left ventricular mass by antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized comparative studies. Hypertension 2009;54:1084-91.  https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.136655
  16. Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, et al. Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2019;53:1801913. 
  17. Jang AY, Park SJ, Chung WJ. Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure. Int J Heart Fail 2021;3:147-59.  https://doi.org/10.36628/ijhf.2020.0053
  18. O'Sullivan CJ, Wenaweser P, Ceylan O, et al. Effect of pulmonary hypertension hemodynamic presentation on clinical outcomes in patients with severe symptomatic aortic valve stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: insights from the new proposed pulmonary hypertension classification. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2015;8:e002358. 
  19. Fang JC, DeMarco T, Givertz MM, et al. World Health Organization Pulmonary Hypertension group 2: pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease in the adult--a summary statement from the Pulmonary Hypertension Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012;31:913-33.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2012.06.002
  20. Mikus E, Stepanenko A, Krabatsch T, et al. Reversibility of fixed pulmonary hypertension in left ventricular assist device support recipients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011;40:971-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2011.01.019
  21. Zimpfer D, Zrunek P, Roethy W, et al. Left ventricular assist devices decrease fixed pulmonary hypertension in cardiac transplant candidates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;133:689-95.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.08.104
  22. Kumarasinghe G, Jain P, Jabbour A, et al. Comparison of continuous-flow ventricular assist device therapy with intensive medical therapy in fixed pulmonary hypertension secondary to advanced left heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2018;5:695-702.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12284
  23. Hunlich M, Lubos E, Beuthner BE, et al. Acute and long-term hemodynamic effects of MitraClip implantation on a preexisting secondary right heart failure. BioMed Res Int 2018;2018:6817832. 
  24. Pons J, Leblanc MH, Bernier M, et al. Effects of chronic sildenafil use on pulmonary hemodynamics and clinical outcomes in heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012;31:1281-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2012.09.009
  25. Sueta CA, Gheorghiade M, Adams KF Jr, et al. Safety and efficacy of epoprostenol in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:34A-43A.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80381-6
  26. Califf RM, Adams KF, McKenna WJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of epoprostenol therapy for severe congestive heart failure: the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am Heart J 1997;134:44-54.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(97)70105-4
  27. Bonderman D, Ghio S, Felix SB, et al. Riociguat for patients with pulmonary hypertension caused by systolic left ventricular dysfunction: a phase IIb double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, doseranging hemodynamic study. Circulation 2013;128:502-11.  https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001458
  28. Bonderman D, Pretsch I, Steringer-Mascherbauer R, et al. Acute hemodynamic effects of riociguat in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with diastolic heart failure (DILATE-1): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose study. Chest 2014;146:1274-85.  https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-0106
  29. Packer M, McMurray J, Massie BM, et al. Clinical effects of endothelin receptor antagonism with bosentan in patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of a pilot study. J Card Fail 2005;11:12-20.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2004.05.006
  30. Packer M, McMurray JJV, Krum H, et al. Long-term effect of endothelin receptor antagonism with bosentan on the morbidity and mortality of patients with severe chronic heart failure: primary results of the ENABLE trials. JACC Heart Fail 2017;5:317-26.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2017.02.021
  31. Vachiery JL, Delcroix M, Al-Hiti H, et al. Macitentan in pulmonary hypertension due to left ventricular dysfunction. Eur Respir J 2018;51:1701886. 
  32. Lee SE, Lee HY, Cho HJ, et al. Reverse J-curve relationship between on-treatment blood pressure and mortality in patients with heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2017;5:810-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2017.08.015
  33. Fonarow GC, Heywood JT, Heidenreich PA, Lopatin M, Yancy CW; ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators. Temporal trends in clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes for heart failure hospitalizations, 2002 to 2004: findings from Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J 2007;153:1021-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2007.03.012
  34. Tsuyuki RT, McKelvie RS, Arnold JM, et al. Acute precipitants of congestive heart failure exacerbations. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:2337-42.  https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.19.2337
  35. Jolicoeur EM, Dunning A, Castelvecchio S, et al. Importance of angina in patients with coronary disease, heart failure, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: insights from STICH. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:2092-100.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.882
  36. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2016;37:2129-200.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128
  37. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991;265:3255-64.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03460240051027
  38. Dahlof B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Schersten B, Ekbom T, Wester PO. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet 1991;338:1281-5.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)92589-T
  39. Uretsky BF, Young JB, Shahidi FE, Yellen LG, Harrison MC, Jolly MK. Randomized study assessing the effect of digoxin withdrawal in patients with mild to moderate chronic congestive heart failure: results of the PROVED trial. PROVED Investigative Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:955-62.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(93)90403-N
  40. Bugiardini R, Cenko E, Yoon J, et al. Concerns about the use of digoxin in acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2022;8:474-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab055
  41. Su JB, Cazorla O, Blot S, et al. Bradykinin restores left ventricular function, sarcomeric protein phosphorylation, and e/nNOS levels in dogs with Duchenne muscular dystrophy cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 2012;95:86-96.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvs161
  42. Mancini GB, Henry GC, Macaya C, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril improves endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. The TREND (Trial on Reversing ENdothelial Dysfunction) Study. Circulation 1996;94:258-65.  https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.94.3.258
  43. Andreotti F, Kluft C, Davies GJ, Huisman LG, de Bart AC, Maseri A. Effect of propranolol (long-acting) on the circadian fluctuation of tissue-plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:1295-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(91)90234-C
  44. Cleland JG, Pennel D, Ray S, et al. The carvedilol hibernation reversible ischaemia trial; marker of success (CHRISTMAS). Eur J Heart Fail 1999;1:191-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-9842(99)00024-0
  45. Goldstein RE, Boccuzzi SJ, Cruess D, Nattel S. Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction. The Adverse Experience Committee; and the Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group. Circulation 1991;83:52-60.  https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.83.1.52
  46. Cleland JG, Bulpitt CJ, Falk RH, et al. Is aspirin safe for patients with heart failure? Br Heart J 1995;74:215-9.  https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.74.3.215
  47. Klimt CR, Knatterud GL, Stamler J, Meier P. Persantine-Aspirin Reinfarction Study. Part II. Secondary coronary prevention with persantine and aspirin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:251-69.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(86)80489-2
  48. Cleland JG, John J, Dhawan J, Clark A. What is the optimal medical management of ischaemic heart failure? Br Med Bull 2001;59:135-58.  https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/59.1.135
  49. Andreassen AK, Nordoy I, Simonsen S, et al. Levels of circulating adhesion molecules in congestive heart failure and after heart transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:604-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00972-7
  50. Malinin AI, Oshrine BR, Sane DC, O'Connor CM, Serebruany VL. Does heart failure etiology, New York Heart Association class, or ejection fraction affect the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit heightened platelet activity? Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007;18:91-6.  https://doi.org/10.1097/MBC.0b013e32801455db
  51. Serebruany VL. Clopidogrel and heart failure survival: missed opportunity or wrong turn? J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1308-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.060
  52. Hofman-Bang C, Rehnqvist N, Swedberg K, Wiklund I, Astrom H. Coenzyme Q10 as an adjunctive in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. The Q10 Study Group. J Card Fail 1995;1:101-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/1071-9164(95)90011-X
  53. Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O, Pyorala K. The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. J Card Fail 1997;3:249-54.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-9164(97)90022-1
  54. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:1231-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61240-4
  55. Gullestad L, Ueland T, Kjekshus J, et al. Galectin-3 predicts response to statin therapy in the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA). Eur Heart J 2012;33:2290-6.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs077
  56. Perera D, Clayton T, O'Kane PD, Greenwood JP. Percutaneous revascularization for ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2022;387:1351-60.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206606
  57. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, et al. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1607-16.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100356
  58. Mehta RH, Grab JD, O'Brien SM, et al. Clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of patients with cardiogenic shock undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: insights from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Cardiac Database. Circulation 2008;117:876-85. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.728147
  59. Kapur NK, Davila CD. Timing, timing, timing: the emerging concept of the 'door to support' time for cardiogenic shock. Eur Heart J 2017;38:3532-4.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx406
  60. Esposito ML, Kapur NK. Acute mechanical circulatory support for cardiogenic shock: the "door to support" time. F1000 Res 2017;6:737. 
  61. Lee SE, Cho HJ, Lee HY, et al. A multicentre cohort study of acute heart failure syndromes in Korea: rationale, design, and interim observations of the Korean Acute Heart Failure (KorAHF) registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2014;16:700-8.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.91
  62. Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2014;383:955-62.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62343-0
  63. Van Gelder IC, Groenveld HF, Crijns HJ, et al. Lenient versus strict rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1363-73.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1001337
  64. Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Crijns HJ, Olshansky B. Rate control in atrial fibrillation. Lancet 2016;388:818-28.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31258-2
  65. Kotecha D, Flather MD, Altman DG, et al. Heart rate and rhythm and the benefit of beta-blockers in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:2885-96.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.001
  66. Kotecha D, Bunting KV, Gill SK, et al. Effect of digoxin vs bisoprolol for heart rate control in atrial fibrillation on patient-reported quality of life: the RATE-AF randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2020;324:2497-508. 
  67. Hofmann R, Steinwender C, Kammler J, Kypta A, Leisch F. Effects of a high dose intravenous bolus amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular rate. Int J Cardiol 2006;110:27-32.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.06.048
  68. Wood MA, Brown-Mahoney C, Kay GN, Ellenbogen KA. Clinical outcomes after ablation and pacing therapy for atrial fibrillation : a meta-analysis. Circulation 2000;101:1138-44.  https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.10.1138
  69. Gasparini M, Kloppe A, Lunati M, et al. Atrioventricular junction ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy: positive impact on ventricular arrhythmias, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapies and hospitalizations. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:1472-81.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1117
  70. Lim KT, Davis MJ, Powell A, et al. Ablate and pace strategy for atrial fibrillation: long-term outcome of AIRCRAFT trial. Europace 2007;9:498-505.  https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eum091
  71. Packer DL, Piccini JP, Monahan KH, et al. Ablation versus drug therapy for atrial fibrillation in heart failure: results from the CABANA trial. Circulation 2021;143:1377-90.  https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050991
  72. Zafari AM, Zarter SK, Heggen V, et al. A program encouraging early defibrillation results in improved inhospital resuscitation efficacy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:846-52.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.04.054
  73. Kudenchuk PJ, Brown SP, Daya M, et al. Amiodarone, lidocaine, or placebo in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1711-22.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1514204
  74. Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK, et al. Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1999;341:871-8.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199909163411203
  75. Tung R, Vaseghi M, Frankel DS, et al. Freedom from recurrent ventricular tachycardia after catheter ablation is associated with improved survival in patients with structural heart disease: an International VT Ablation Center Collaborative Group study. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:1997-2007.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.05.036
  76. Kuck KH, Schaumann A, Eckardt L, et al. Catheter ablation of stable ventricular tachycardia before defibrillator implantation in patients with coronary heart disease (VTACH): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;375:31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61755-4
  77. Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 2022;43:3997-4126.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262
  78. Connolly SJ, Dorian P, Roberts RS, et al. Comparison of beta-blockers, amiodarone plus beta-blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the OPTIC Study: a randomized trial. JAMA 2006;295:165-71.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.2.165
  79. Sapp JL, Wells GA, Parkash R, et al. Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation versus Escalation of Antiarrhythmic Drugs. N Engl J Med 2016;375:111-21.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1513614
  80. Ataklte F, Erqou S, Laukkanen J, Kaptoge S. Meta-analysis of ventricular premature complexes and their relation to cardiac mortality in general populations. Am J Cardiol 2013;112:1263-70.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.05.065
  81. Lin CY, Chang SL, Lin YJ, et al. Long-term outcome of multiform premature ventricular complexes in structurally normal heart. Int J Cardiol 2015;180:80-5.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.110
  82. Lee GK, Klarich KW, Grogan M, Cha YM. Premature ventricular contraction-induced cardiomyopathy: a treatable condition. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012;5:229-36.  https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.111.963348
  83. Singh SN, Fletcher RD, Fisher SG, et al. Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 1995;333:77-82.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199507133330201
  84. Penela D, Acosta J, Aguinaga L, et al. Ablation of frequent PVC in patients meeting criteria for primary prevention ICD implant: safety of withholding the implant. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:2434-42.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.09.011
  85. Berruezo A, Penela D, Jauregui B, et al. Mortality and morbidity reduction after frequent premature ventricular complexes ablation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Europace 2019;21:1079-87.  https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euz027
  86. Stockburger M, Gomez-Doblas JJ, Lamas G, et al. Preventing ventricular dysfunction in pacemaker patients without advanced heart failure: results from a multicentre international randomized trial (PREVENT-HF). Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:633-41.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfr041
  87. Sweeney MO, Bank AJ, Nsah E, et al. Minimizing ventricular pacing to reduce atrial fibrillation in sinusnode disease. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1000-8.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa071880
  88. Stockburger M, Boveda S, Moreno J, et al. Long-term clinical effects of ventricular pacing reduction with a changeover mode to minimize ventricular pacing in a general pacemaker population. Eur Heart J 2015;36:151-7.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu336
  89. Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. Circulation 2003;107:2932-7.  https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000072769.17295.B1
  90. Curtis AB, Worley SJ, Adamson PB, et al. Biventricular pacing for atrioventricular block and systolic dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1585-93.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1210356
  91. Brignole M, Botto G, Mont L, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients undergoing atrioventricular junction ablation for permanent atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. Eur Heart J 2011;32:2420-9.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr162
  92. Yu CM, Chan JY, Zhang Q, et al. Biventricular pacing in patients with bradycardia and normal ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2123-34.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0907555
  93. Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2021;143:e35-71. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000932
  94. Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 2022;43:561-632.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395
  95. Chaliki HP, Mohty D, Avierinos JF, et al. Outcomes after aortic valve replacement in patients with severe aortic regurgitation and markedly reduced left ventricular function. Circulation 2002;106:2687-93.  https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000038498.59829.38
  96. Tornos P, Sambola A, Permanyer-Miralda G, Evangelista A, Gomez Z, Soler-Soler J. Long-term outcome of surgically treated aortic regurgitation: influence of guideline adherence toward early surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1012-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.049
  97. Obadia JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, Leurent G, et al. Percutaneous repair or medical treatment for secondary mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med 2018;379:2297-306.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1805374
  98. Stone GW, Lindenfeld J, Abraham WT, et al. Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2018;379:2307-18.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1806640
  99. Zack CJ, Fender EA, Chandrashekar P, et al. National trends and outcomes in isolated tricuspid valve surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:2953-60.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.039
  100. Lee HY. Heart failure and diabetes mellitus: dangerous liaisons. Int J Heart Fail 2022;4:163-74.  https://doi.org/10.36628/ijhf.2022.0022
  101. Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG, et al. Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure. N Engl J Med 2021;384:117-28.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2030183
  102. Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2021;385:1451-61.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107038
  103. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1995-2008.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
  104. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2019;380:2295-306.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1811744
  105. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2117-28.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1504720
  106. Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Claggett B, et al. Dapagliflozin in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2022;387:1089-98.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206286
  107. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017;377:644-57.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611925
  108. Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2019;380:347-57.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1812389
  109. Packer M, Butler J, Zannad F, et al. Effect of empagliflozin on worsening heart failure events in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: EMPEROR-Preserved trial. Circulation 2021;144:1284-94.  https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056824
  110. Kato ET, Kimura T. Sodium-glucose co-transporters-2 inhibitors and heart failure: state of the art review and future potentials. Int J Heart Fail 2020;2:12-22.  https://doi.org/10.36628/ijhf.2019.0013
  111. Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2020;383:1413-24.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2022190
  112. Damman K, Gori M, Claggett B, et al. Renal effects and associated outcomes during angiotensinneprilysin inhibition in heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2018;6:489-98.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2018.02.004
  113. Jang SY, Yang DH. Prognostic and therapeutic implications of renal insufficiency in heart failure. Int J Heart Fail 2022;4:75-90. https://doi.org/10.36628/ijhf.2021.0039
  114. Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Lee KL, et al. Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2296-304.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1210357
  115. Urso C, Brucculeri S, Caimi G. Acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities in heart failure: pathophysiology and implications. Heart Fail Rev 2015;20:493-503.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-015-9482-y
  116. Canepa M, Franssen FM, Olschewski H, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic gaps in patients with heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JACC Heart Fail 2019;7:823-33.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2019.05.009
  117. Massone C, Cavalchini A, Clapasson A, Nunzi E. Hypopigmented macules: leprosy, atopy or pityriasis versicolor? G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2010;145:779-82. 
  118. Halpin DM, Criner GJ, Papi A, et al. Global initiative for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease. The 2020 GOLD science committee report on COVID-19 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021;203:24-36.  https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202009-3533SO
  119. Reddel HK, Bacharier LB, Bateman ED, et al. Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: executive summary and rationale for key changes. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2022;10:S1-18.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2021.10.001
  120. Klip IT, Comin-Colet J, Voors AA, et al. Iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: an international pooled analysis. Am Heart J 2013;165:575-582.e3.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.01.017
  121. Anand IS. Anemia and chronic heart failure implications and treatment options. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:501-11.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.044
  122. Lim EA, Sohn HS, Lee H, Choi SE. Cost-utility of ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject®) for iron-deficiency anemia patients with chronic heart failure in South Korea. Cost Eff Resour Alloc 2014;12:19. 
  123. Sharma R, Francis DP, Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ, Anker SD. Haemoglobin predicts survival in patients with chronic heart failure: a substudy of the ELITE II trial. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1021-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2004.04.023
  124. Tang YD, Katz SD. Anemia in chronic heart failure: prevalence, etiology, clinical correlates, and treatment options. Circulation 2006;113:2454-61.  https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.583666
  125. Martens P, Nijst P, Verbrugge FH, Smeets K, Dupont M, Mullens W. Impact of iron deficiency on exercise capacity and outcome in heart failure with reduced, mid-range and preserved ejection fraction. Acta Cardiol 2018;73:115-23.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00015385.2017.1351239
  126. Jankowska EA, Rozentryt P, Witkowska A, et al. Iron deficiency predicts impaired exercise capacity in patients with systolic chronic heart failure. J Card Fail 2011;17:899-906.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.08.003
  127. Enjuanes C, Klip IT, Bruguera J, et al. Iron deficiency and health-related quality of life in chronic heart failure: results from a multicenter European study. Int J Cardiol 2014;174:268-75.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.169
  128. Anand IS, Gupta P. Anemia and iron deficiency in heart failure: current concepts and emerging therapies. Circulation 2018;138:80-98.  https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.030099
  129. Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Blum M, et al. The use of subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron for the treatment of the anemia of severe, resistant congestive heart failure improves cardiac and renal function and functional cardiac class, and markedly reduces hospitalizations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1737-44.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00613-6
  130. Parissis JT, Kourea K, Panou F, et al. Effects of darbepoetin alpha on right and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in anemic patients with chronic heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 2008;155:751.e1-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2007.08.005
  131. van Veldhuisen DJ, Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of two dosing regimens of darbepoetin alfa in patients with heart failure and anaemia. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2208-16. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm328
  132. Ghali JK, Anand IS, Abraham WT, et al. Randomized double-blind trial of darbepoetin alfa in patients with symptomatic heart failure and anemia. Circulation 2008;117:526-35.  https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.698514
  133. Swedberg K, Young JB, Anand IS, et al. Treatment of anemia with darbepoetin alfa in systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1210-9.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1214865
  134. Okonko DO, Grzeslo A, Witkowski T, et al. Effect of intravenous iron sucrose on exercise tolerance in anemic and nonanemic patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure and iron deficiency FERRIC-HF: a randomized, controlled, observer-blinded trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:103-12.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.036
  135. Toblli JE, Lombrana A, Duarte P, Di Gennaro F. Intravenous iron reduces NT-pro-brain natriuretic peptide in anemic patients with chronic heart failure and renal insufficiency. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1657-65.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.029
  136. Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2436-48.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0908355
  137. Ponikowski P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Comin-Colet J, et al. Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency. Eur Heart J 2015;36:657-68.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu385
  138. Ponikowski P, Kirwan BA, Anker SD, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency at discharge after acute heart failure: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2020;396:1895-904.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32339-4
  139. Lewis GD, Malhotra R, Hernandez AF, et al. Effect of oral iron repletion on exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency: the IRONOUT HF randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017;317:1958-66.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.5427
  140. Lewis GD, Semigran MJ, Givertz MM, et al. Oral iron therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: design and rationale for oral iron repletion effects on oxygen uptake in heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2016;9:e000345. 
  141. Young T, Finn L, Peppard PE, et al. Sleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin sleep cohort. Sleep 2008;31:1071-8. 
  142. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1230-5.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199304293281704
  143. Gottlieb DJ, Yenokyan G, Newman AB, et al. Prospective study of obstructive sleep apnea and incident coronary heart disease and heart failure: the sleep heart health study. Circulation 2010;122:352-60.  https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.901801
  144. Randerath W, Verbraecken J, Andreas S, et al. Definition, discrimination, diagnosis and treatment of central breathing disturbances during sleep. Eur Respir J 2017;49:1600959. 
  145. Elias RM, Chan CT, Paul N, et al. Relationship of pharyngeal water content and jugular volume with severity of obstructive sleep apnea in renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28:937-44.  https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs473
  146. Arzt M, Young T, Finn L, et al. Sleepiness and sleep in patients with both systolic heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1716-22.  https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.16.1716
  147. Egea CJ, Aizpuru F, Pinto JA, et al. Cardiac function after CPAP therapy in patients with chronic heart failure and sleep apnea: a multicenter study. Sleep Med 2008;9:660-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2007.06.018
  148. Smith LA, Vennelle M, Gardner RS, et al. Auto-titrating continuous positive airway pressure therapy in patients with chronic heart failure and obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Eur Heart J 2007;28:1221-7.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm131
  149. Pearse SG, Cowie MR. Sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:353-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.492
  150. Cowie MR, Woehrle H, Wegscheider K, et al. Adaptive Servo-Ventilation for central sleep apnea in systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2015;373:1095-105.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506459
  151. Angermann CE, Ertl G. Depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment : comorbid mental health disorders in heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2018;15:398-410.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-018-0414-8
  152. Sbolli M, Fiuzat M, Cani D, O'Connor CM. Depression and heart failure: the lonely comorbidity. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:2007-17.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1865
  153. Angermann CE, Gelbrich G, Stork S, et al. Effect of escitalopram on all-cause mortality and hospitalization in patients with heart failure and depression: the MOOD-HF randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;315:2683-93.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.7635
  154. Celutkiene J, Vaitkevicius A, Jakstiene S, Jatuzis D. Expert opinion-cognitive decline in heart failure: more attention is needed. Card Fail Rev 2016;2:106-9.  https://doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2016:19:2
  155. Lee KS, Choi JO, Jeon ES, et al. Distinct factors associated with better self-care in heart failure patients with and without mild cognitive impairment. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2019;34:440-7.  https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000600
  156. Corrigendum to 'Risk stratification and management of women with cardiomyopathy/heart failure planning pregnancy or presenting during/after pregnancy: a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Study Group on Peripartum Cardiomyopathy' [Eur J Heart Fail 2021;23:527-540]. Eur J Heart Fail 2022;24:733. 
  157. Mehta LS, Warnes CA, Bradley E, et al. Cardiovascular considerations in caring for pregnant patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020;141:e884-903.  https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000772
  158. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J 2018;39:3165-241.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy340
  159. Davis MB, Arany Z, McNamara DM, Goland S, Elkayam U. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: JACC state-of-th-eart review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:207-21.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.014
  160. Regitz-Zagrosek V. Sex and gender differences in heart failure. Int J Heart Fail 2020;2:157-81.  https://doi.org/10.36628/ijhf.2020.0004
  161. Sliwa K, Petrie MC, van der Meer P, et al. Clinical presentation, management, and 6-month outcomes in women with peripartum cardiomyopathy: an ESC EORP registry. Eur Heart J 2020;41:3787-97.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa455
  162. Moulig V, Pfeffer TJ, Ricke-Hoch M, et al. Long-term follow-up in peripartum cardiomyopathy patients with contemporary treatment: low mortality, high cardiac recovery, but significant cardiovascular comorbidities. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:1534-42.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1624
  163. Kim H, Chung WB, Cho KI, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular toxicity related to anti-cancer treatment in clinical practice: an opinion paper from the Working Group on Cardio-Oncology of the Korean Society of Echocardiography. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2018;26:1-25.  https://doi.org/10.4250/jcu.2018.26.1.1
  164. Celutkiene J, Pudil R, Lopez-Fernandez T, et al. Role of cardiovascular imaging in cancer patients receiving cardiotoxic therapies: a position statement on behalf of the Heart Failure Association (HFA), the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and the Cardio-Oncology Council of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:1504-24.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1957
  165. Thavendiranathan P, Negishi T, Somerset E, et al. Strain-Guided Management of potentially cardiotoxic cancer therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021;77:392-401.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.020
  166. Awadalla M, Mahmood SS, Groarke JD, et al. Global longitudinal strain and cardiac events in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:467-78. 
  167. Guglin M, Krischer J, Tamura R, et al. Randomized trial of lisinopril versus carvedilol to prevent trastuzumab cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:2859-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.495