Korean Circulation Journal

  • 제53권1호
  • /
  • Pages.17-30
  • /
  • 2023
  • /
  • 1738-5520(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1738-5555(eISSN)
대한심장학회 (The Korean Society of Cardiology)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Association of Smoking Status and Clustering of Obesity and Depression on the Risk of Early-Onset Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults: A Nationwide Cohort Study

  • Choon-Young Kim (Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center) ;
  • Cheol Min Lee (Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center) ;
  • Seungwoo Lee (Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) ;
  • Jung Eun Yoo (Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center) ;
  • Heesun Lee (Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center) ;
  • Hyo Eun Park (Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center) ;
  • Kyungdo Han (Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University) ;
  • Su-Yeon Choi (Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center)
  • 투고 : 2022.06.22
  • 심사 : 2022.09.27
  • 발행 : 2023.01.01
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Background and Objectives: To evaluate the impact of smoking in young adults on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the clustering effect of behavioral risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and depression. Methods: A Korean nationwide population-based cohort of a total of 3,280,826 participants aged 20-39 years old who underwent 2 consecutive health examinations were included. They were followed up until the date of CVD (myocardial infarction [MI] or stroke), or December 2018 (median, 6 years). Results: Current smoking, early age of smoking initiation, and smoking intensity were associated with an increased risk of CVD incidence. Even after quitting smoking, the risk of MI was still high in quitters compared with non-smokers. Cigarette smoking, obesity, and depression were independently associated with a 1.3-1.7 times increased risk of CVD, and clustering of 2 or more of these behavioral risk factors was associated with a 2-3 times increased risk of CVD in young adults. Conclusions: In young adults, cigarette smoking was associated with the risk of CVD, and the clustering of 2 or more behavioral risk factors showed an additive risk of CVD.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2021;397:2337-60.
  2. World Health Organization. WHO global report on mortality attributable to tobacco. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012 [cited 2022 Jun 1]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44815.
  3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. Smoking cessation. A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta (GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2020.
  4. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 2004;328:1519.
  5. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004;364:937-52.
  6. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 2021;42:3227-337.
  7. Holthuis EI, Visseren FLJ, Bots ML, Peters SAE; UCC-SMART study group. Risk factor clusters and cardiovascular disease in high-risk patients: the UCC-SMART study. Glob Heart 2021;16:85.
  8. Chen S, Che Q, Zheng Q, et al. Relationship between different risk factor patterns and follow-up outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021;8:633992.
  9. Peters SAE, Wang X, Lam TH, et al. Clustering of risk factors and the risk of incident cardiovascular disease in Asian and Caucasian populations: results from the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. BMJ Open 2018;8:e019335.
  10. Wilson PW, Kannel WB, Silbershatz H, D'Agostino RB. Clustering of metabolic factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1104-9.
  11. Seo MH, Lee WY, Kim SS, et al. 2018 Korean Society for the Study of Obesity guideline for the management of obesity in Korea. J Obes Metab Syndr 2019;28:40-5.
  12. Briasoulis A, Agarwal V, Messerli FH. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in men and women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012;14:792-8.
  13. Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med 2020;54:1451-62.
  14. Jeong SM, Jeon KH, Shin DW, et al. Smoking cessation, but not reduction, reduces cardiovascular disease incidence. Eur Heart J 2021;42:4141-53.
  15. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:461-70.
  16. Kim RB, Kim HS, Kang DR, et al. The trend in incidence and case-fatality of hospitalized acute myocardial infarction patients in Korea, 2007 to 2016. J Korean Med Sci 2019;34:e322.
  17. Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Korea Health Statistics 2020: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VIII-2). Cheongju: Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency; 2020.
  18. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable disease. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2010.
  19. Khan RJ, Stewart CP, Davis SK, Harvey DJ, Leistikow BN. The risk and burden of smoking related heart disease mortality among young people in the United States. Tob Induc Dis 2015;13:16.
  20. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2012.
  21. Jee Y, Jung KJ, Lee S, Back JH, Jee SH, Cho SI. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in young men: the Korean Life Course Health Study. BMJ Open 2019;9:e024453.
  22. Banks E, Joshy G, Korda RJ, et al. Tobacco smoking and risk of 36 cardiovascular disease subtypes: fatal and non-fatal outcomes in a large prospective Australian study. BMC Med 2019;17:128.
  23. Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2021;143:e984-1010.
  24. Wienbergen H, Guenther K, Boakye D, et al. Risk factors in young patients with myocardial infarction: what is different from the general population? Eur Heart J 2021;42:ehab724.2400.
  25. Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) Fact Sheet: The 20-Year (1988-2018) Trends in Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases 2020. Cheongju: Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency; 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 1]. Available from: http://knhanes.kdca.go.kr.
  26. Williams JM, Steinberg ML, Griffiths KG, Cooperman N. Smokers with behavioral health comorbidity should be designated a tobacco use disparity group. Am J Public Health 2013;103:1549-55.
  27. Forman-Hoffman VL, Hedden SL, Glasheen C, Davies C, Colpe LJ. The role of mental illness on cigarette dependence and successful quitting in a nationally representative, household-based sample of U.S. adults. Ann Epidemiol 2016;26:447-54.
  28. Carroll AJ, Carnethon MR, Liu K, et al. Interaction between smoking and depressive symptoms with subclinical heart disease in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Health Psychol 2017;36:101-11.
  29. Jung-Choi KH, Khang YH, Cho HJ. Hidden female smokers in Asia: a comparison of self-reported with cotinine-verified smoking prevalence rates in representative national data from an Asian population. Tob Control 2012;21:536-42.
  30. Park JB, Kim DH, Lee H, et al. Mildly abnormal lipid levels, but not high lipid variability, are associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in "Statin-Naive" young population a nationwide cohort study. Circ Res 2020;126:824-35.