한국식품위생안전성학회지 (Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety)

  • 제38권3호
  • /
  • Pages.99-111
  • /
  • 2023
  • /
  • 1229-1153(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2465-9223(eISSN)
한국식품위생안전성학회 (The Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

유통 영유아용 과자류 및 음료류의 안전성 평가

Safety Evaluation of Snacks and Drinks in Circulation for Infants and Toddlers

  • 이재린 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원 식품분석과) ;
  • 박혜민 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원 식품분석과) ;
  • 류근영 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원 식품분석과) ;
  • 류근영 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원 식품분석과) ;
  • 최수연 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원 식품분석과) ;
  • 조은혜 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원 식품분석과) ;
  • 조배식 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원 식품분석과) ;
  • 김진희 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원 식품분석과)
  • Jaerin Lee (Food Analysis department, Health & Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Hyemin Park (Food Analysis department, Health & Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Keunyoung Ryu (Food Analysis department, Health & Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Keunyoung Ryu (Food Analysis department, Health & Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Suyeon Choi (Food Analysis department, Health & Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Eunhye Cho (Food Analysis department, Health & Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Baesik Cho (Food Analysis department, Health & Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Jinhee Kim (Food Analysis department, Health & Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City)
  • 투고 : 2023.05.19
  • 심사 : 2023.06.15
  • 발행 : 2023.06.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

본 연구는 광주 내 대형마트와 온라인 마켓에서 영유아를 대상으로 판매하는 과자류 80건 및 음료류 40건의 식품첨가물(타르색소, 인공감미료), 곰팡이독소 및 영양성분(자당, 무기질)을 분석하였다. 유아용 표시 식품의 기준 및 규격이 불검출로 설정된 타르색소와 사카린나트륨은 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았다. 과자류(기타가공품) 1건에서 인공감미료인 아세설팜 칼륨이 0.07 g/kg 검출되었으나 이는 식품첨가물의 기준 및 규격에서 정한 허용 기준치 이하였다. 곰팡이독소는 아플라톡신 및 오크라톡신 A는 검출되지 않았으며, 푸모니신 B1, B2 및 제랄레논이 각각 과자류에서 14건(9.78-78.94 ㎍/kg), 6건(5.58-11.73 ㎍/kg) 및 9건(2.96-8.83 ㎍/kg) 검출되었다. 푸모니신에 대한 기준·규격은 따로 설정되어 있지 않았으나 타 연구 결과와 비교했을 때 비슷한 수준이었으며, 제랄레논은 식품 일반에 대한 공통 기준·규격 이내로 확인되었다. 자당은 과자류에서 65건(0.02-40.94 g/내용량(g)), 음료류에서 24건(0.12-27.60 g/내용량(g)) 검출되었으나 식품유형간 유의적인 차이는 없었으며, 타 연구 결과와 비교했을 때 그 함량도 적은 편이었다. 다만, 검출 시료 89건 중 1건을 제외하고는 모두 1일 영양성분 기준치를 성인 기준으로 표시하고 있었기 때문에 제품 구입 시 영유아 기준으로 오인될 우려가 있다. 무기질은 대부분의 시료에서 검출되었으며 과자류 중 4건의 시료에서 내용량 당 아연 함량이 상한섭취량(1-2세: 6 mg/일, 3-5세: 9 mg/일)을 초과하는 수준이었다. 아연 강화식품이나 보충제의 과다 섭취가 인체의 유해성을 보인다는 다수의 보고가 있으므로 섭취시 유의할 필요가 있다. 나트륨은 과자류 80건 중 16건이 영유아용 표시 식품의 기준을 초과하였으나 모두 품목제조보고서상 영유아 섭취 대상 식품으로 표시하지 않아 해당 기준을 적용할 수 없었다. 따라서 영유아용 표시 식품의 기준·규격을 설정과 함께 현재 시행되는 기준·규격이 알맞게 적용될 수 있도록 표시 기준 강화 등의 제도적 개선이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for setting more detailed standards for baby food and to provide food information that can be used in real-world settings. We purchased 80 snacks and 40 drinks for infants and toddlers from supermarkets and online markets and analyzed tar color, artificial sweeteners, mycotoxins, and nutritional components (e.g., sucrose, sodium, and calcium). Fortunately, it was confirmed that both tar color and sodium saccharin, which do not have detection criteria for labeled foods for infants and toddlers, were not detected. However, acesulfame potassium was detected at 0.07 g/kg in one snack sample. As for myxotoxins, aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, and G2) and ochratoxin A were not detected. Fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, and zearalenone were detected in the ranges of 9.78-78.94 ㎍/kg, 5.58-11.73 ㎍/kg, and 2.96-8.83 ㎍/kg, respectively, but only in snacks. Sucrose was detected in 65 of the snacks (0.02-40.94 g/net weight [g]) and in 24 of the drinks (0.12-27.60 g/net weight [g]). Minerals were detected in most of the samples, and in four snacks, the zinc content per net exceeded the tolerable upper intake level for infants. Sixteen snacks exceeded the food standards for sodium content for infants and toddlers, but none of them were labeled as food for infants and toddlers in the product manufacturing report, such that the corresponding standards could not be applied. Therefore, it seems necessary to establish institutional improvements, such as strengthening labeling standards, so that the currently enforced standards can be appropriately applied, and establishing standards for labeled foods for infants and toddlers.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Koletzko, B., Shamir, R., Ashwell, M., Quality and safety aspects of infant nutrition. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 60, 179-184 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1159/000338803
  2. Gautam, N., Food colorants and their toxicology: An overview. Sunsari Technical College Journal, 2, 69-75 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3126/stcj.v2i1.14803
  3. Chattopadhyay, S., Raychaudhuri, U., Chakraborty, R., Artificial sweeteners-a review. J. Food Sci. Technol., 51, 611-621 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0571-1
  4. Sharma, A., Amarnath, S., Thulasimani, M., Ramaswamy, S., Artificial sweeteners as a sugar substitute: Are they really safe?. Indian J. Pharmacol., 48, 237-240 (2016). https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.182888
  5. Harpaz, D., Yeo, L. P., Cecchini, F., Koon, T.H.P., Kushmaro, A., Tok, A.I.Y., Marks, R.S., Eltzov, E., Measuring artificial sweeteners toxicity using a bioluminescent bacterial panel. Molecules, 23, 2454 (2018).
  6. Marinovich, M., Galli, C. L., Bosetti, C., Gallus, S., La Vecchia, C., Aspartame, low-calorie sweeteners and disease: regulatory safety and epidemiological issues. Food Chem. Toxicol., 60, 109-115 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.040
  7. WHO, (2023, May 31). Use of non-sugar sweeteners: WHO guideline. Retrieved form https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/367660
  8. Agriopoulou, S., Stamatelopoulou, E., Varzakas, T., Advances in occurrence, importance, and mycotoxin control strategies: Prevention and detoxification in foods. Foods, 9, 137 (2020).
  9. Anfossi, L., Giovannoli, C., Baggiani, C., Mycotoxin detection. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 37, 120-126 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2015.11.005
  10. Karlovsky, P., Suman, M., Berthiller, F., De Meester, J., Eisenbrand, G., Perrin, I., Oswald, I.P., Speijers, G., Chiodini, A., Recker, T., Dussort, P., Impact of food processing and detoxification treatments on mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin Research, 32, 179-205 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-016-0257-7
  11. Alassane-Kpembi, I., Schatzmayr, G., Taranu, I., Marin, D., Puel, O., Oswald, I. P., Mycotoxins co-contamination: Methodological aspects and biological relevance of combined toxicity studies. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 57, 3489-3507 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1140632
  12. Luo, S., Du, H., Kebede, H., Liu, Y., Xing, F., Contamination status of major mycotoxins in agricultural product and food stuff in Europe. Food Con., 127, 108120 (2021).
  13. Pitt, J. I., Taniwaki, M. H., Cole, M. B., Mycotoxin production in major crops as influenced by growing, harvesting, storage and processing, with emphasis on the achievement of Food Safety Objectives. Food Control, 32, 205-215 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.023
  14. WHO, (2022,December 27). Commercial foods for infants and young children. Retrieved form https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/346582/WHO-EURO-2019-3589-43348-60812-eng.pdf?sequence=1
  15. Elliott, C. D., Conlon, M. J., Packaged baby and toddler foods: Questions of sugar and sodium. Pediatr. Obes., 10, 149-155 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-6310.2014.223.x
  16. Ministry of Food and Drug safety, 2021. Food code. No. 2021-26, Cheongju, Korea, pp. 166-168.
  17. Ministry of Food and Drug safety, 2021. Food code. No. 2021-26, Cheongju, Korea, pp. 157-158.
  18. Ministry of Food and Drug safety, 2021. Food code. No. 2021-26, Cheongju, Korea, pp. 1076-1081.
  19. Ministry of Food and Drug safety, 2021. Food code. No. 2021-26, Cheongju, Korea, pp. 42-43.
  20. Ministry of Food and Drug safety, 2021. Food code. No. 2021-26, Cheongju, Korea, pp. 1054-1056.
  21. Eropean Food Safety Authority, Management of left-censored data in dietary exposure assessment of chemical substances. EFSA J., 8, 1557-1652 (2010).
  22. Garber Jr, L. L., Hyatt, E. M., & Starr Jr, R. G., The effects of food color on perceived flavor. J. Marketing Theory and Practice, 8, 59-72 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2000.11501880
  23. Chaitanya Lakshmi, G., Food coloring: the natural way. Res. J. Chem. Sci., 4, 87-96 (2014).
  24. Ministry of Food and Drug safety, 2021. Korean Food Additives Code. No. 2021-57, Cheongju, Korea, pp. 1748.
  25. EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS), Safety of the proposed extension of use of acesulfame K (E 950) in foods for special medical purposes in young children. EFSA Journal, 14, 4437 (2016).
  26. Kim, S.M., Kim, Y.I., 2021. 2020 National health screening statistical yearbook. Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Korea, pp. 689.
  27. Shahriar, S., Ahsan, T., Khan, A., Akhteruzzaman, S., Shehreen, S., Sajib, A. A., Aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose-influence on the metabolism of Escherichia coli. Metabol. Open, 8, 100072 (2020).
  28. Debras, C., Chazelas, E., Srour, B., Druesne-Pecollo, N., Esseddik, Y., de Edelenyi, F. S., Agaesse, C., Sa, A. D., Lutchia, R., Gigandet, S., Huybrechts, I., Julia, C., Kesse-Guyot, E., Alles, B., Andreeva, V. A., Galan, P., Hercberg, S., Deschasaux-Tanguy, M., Touvier, M., Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk: Results from the NutriNet-Sante populationbased cohort study. PLoS Medicine, 19, e1003950 (2022).
  29. Amler, S. N., De Rosa, C. T., Williams-Johnson, M. M., Jones, D. E., Amler, R. W., Wilbur, S., Risk analysis, uncertainty factors, and the susceptibilities of children. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 9, 1701-1711 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1080/714044792
  30. Renwick, A. G., Dorne, J. L., Walton, K., An analysis of the need for an additional uncertainty factor for infants and children. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 31, 286-296 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.2000.1394
  31. Hernandez, M., Juan-Garcia, A., Molto, J. C., Manes, J., Juan, C., Evaluation of mycotoxins in infant breast milk and infant food, reviewing the literature data. Toxins, 13, 535 (2021).
  32. Coppa, C. F. S. C., Khaneghah, A. M., Alvito, P., Assuncao, R., Martins, C., Es, I., Goncalves, B. L., Neeff, D. V., Sant'Ana, A. S., Corassin, C. H., Oliveira, C. A. F., The occurrence of mycotoxins in breast milk, fruit products and cereal-based infant formula: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 92, 81-93. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.014
  33. Assuncao, R., Martins, C., Vasco, E., Jager, A., Oliveira, C., Cunha, S. C., Fernandes., J. O., Nunes, B., Loureiro, S., Alvito, P., Portuguese children dietary exposure to multiple mycotoxins-an overview of risk assessment under MYCOMIX project. Food Chem. Toxicol., 118, 399-408 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.040
  34. Neme, K., Mohammed, A., Mycotoxin occurrence in grains and the role of postharvest management as a mitigation strategies. A review. Food Control, 78, 412-425 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.012
  35. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST), Mycotoxins: risks in plant, animal, and human systems. NO.139, CAST, Ames, Iowa, USA (2003).
  36. Ok, H. E., Kim, D. M., Kim, D.C., Chung, S. H., Chung, M. S., Park, K. H., Chun, H. S., Mycobiota and natural occurrence of aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone in rice freshly harvested in South Korea. Food Control, 37, 284-291 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.020
  37. Ahangarkani, F., Rouhi, S., Gholamour Azizi, I., A review on incidence and toxicity of fumonisins. Toxin Reviews, 33, 95-100 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3109/15569543.2013.871563
  38. Gromadzka, K., Waskiewicz, A., Chelkowski, J.,Golinski, P. Zearalenone and its metabolites: occurrence, detection, toxicity and guidelines. World Mycotoxin J., 1, 209-220 (2008). https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2008.x015
  39. Peraica, M., Richter, D., Rasic, D., Mycotoxicoses in children. Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol., 65, 347-363 (2014). https://doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2557
  40. Garcia, A. L., Ronquillo, J. D., Morillo-Santander, G., Mazariegos, C. V., Lopez-Donado, L., Vargas-Garcia, E. J., Curtin, L., Parrett, A., Mutoro, A. N., Sugar content and nutritional quality of child orientated ready to eat cereals and yoghurts in the UK and Latin America; does food policy matter?. Nutrients, 12, 856 (2020).
  41. Kong, K. L., Burgess, B., Morris, K. S., Re, T., Hull, H. R., Sullivan, D. K., Paluch, R. A., Association between added sugars from infant formulas and rapid weight gain in US infants and toddlers. J. Nut., 151, 1572-1580 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab044
  42. Avena, N. M., Rada, P., Hoebel, B. G., Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 32, 20-39 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019
  43. MFDS, (2023, March 30). 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. Retrieved form https://www.foodsafetykorea.go.kr/foodcode/01_03.jsp?idx=12131.
  44. Black, M. R., Medeiros, D. M., Brunett, E., Welke, R., Zinc supplements and serum lipids in young adult white males. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 47, 970-975 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/47.6.970
  45. Boukaiba, N., Flament, C., Acher, S., Chappuis, P., Piau, A., Fusselier, M., Dardenne, M., Lemonnier, D., A physiological amount of zinc supplementation: effects on nutritional, lipid, and thymic status in an elderly population. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 57, 566-572 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/57.4.566
  46. Chandra, R. K., Excessive intake of zinc impairs immune responses. Jama, 252, 1443-1446 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1984.03350110043027
  47. Freeland-Graves, J. H., Friedman, B. J., Han, W. H., Shorey, R. L., Young, R.,Effect of zinc supplementation on plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and zinc. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 35, 988-992 (1982).
  48. Ministry of Food and Drug safety, 2021. Food code. No. 2021-26, Cheongju, Korea, pp. 72-74.
  49. Cogswell, M. E., Gunn, J. P., Yuan, K., Park, S., Merritt, R. Sodium and sugar in complementary infant and toddler foods sold in the United States. Pediatrics, 135, 416-423 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3251
  50. Maalouf, J., Cogswell, M. E., Bates, M., Yuan, K., Scanlon, K. S., Pehrsson, P., Gunn, J. P., Merritt, R. K., Sodium, sugar, and fat content of complementary infant and toddler foods sold in the United States, 2015. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 105, 1443-1452 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.142653
  51. Yang, Q., Zhang, Z., Kuklina, E. V., Fang, J., Ayala, C., Hong, Y., Loustalot, F., Dai, S., Gunn, J. P., Tian, N., Cogswell, M. E., Merritt, R., Sodium intake and blood pressure among US children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 130, 611-619 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3870
  52. Emmerik, N. E., de Jong, F., van Elburg, R. M., Dietary Intake of Sodium during Infancy and the Cardiovascular Consequences Later in Life: A Scoping Review. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 76, 114-121 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1159/000507354