SUVANNABHUMI (수완나부미)

Korea Institute for ASEAN Studies (부산외대 아세안연구원)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Examining Indonesia-Qatar Relations through the Five-Dimensional Framework

  • Received : 2022.07.01
  • Accepted : 2023.01.12
  • Published : 2023.01.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In recent decades, Indonesia and the Middle Eastern countries have increased and expanded their political, security, economic, and socio-cultural ties. Qatar is one of the Middle Eastern countries which have fortified ties with Indonesia. This article aims to analyze the nature and scope of Indonesia-Qatar relations through the five-dimensional framework developed by George Eberling, which consists of political-diplomatic, economic-trade, military-security, cultural, and petroleum-energy relations (Eberling 2017). Despite being significantly distinct in history, demography, geographic size, and location, Jakarta and Doha have been provided opportunities to expand their cooperation on multifaceted dimensions by way of common economic, geopolitical, and cultural interests. Throughout the paper, the primary drivers of the cooperation are also discussed, alongside its future prospects.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021S1A5C2A01087076).

References

  1. Aglionby, John. 2008. U-turn allows QTel to take 65% Indosat stake. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/9a2d6bdc-9954-11dd-9d48-000077b07658. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  2. Agonia, Ailyn. 2021. Qatar, Indonesia sign deal to strengthen sports cooperation. Qatar Tribune. https://www.qatar-tribune.com/article/207541/NATION/Qatar-Indonesia-sign-deal-to-strengthen-sports-cooperation. (Accessed September 2, 2022).
  3. Al-Adwani, Shareefa. 2021. Look Middle, Look East! The Future of GCC Strategic Partnerships. The 2017 Gulf Crisis: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Mahjoob Zweiri, Md Mizanur Rahman and Arwa Kamal, eds. 193-210.
  4. Alagos, Peter. 2016. Qatar-Indonesia joint investment fund in 'final stages'. Gulf Times. https://www.gulf-times.com/story/515027/Qatar-Indonesia-joint-investment-fund-in-final-stages. (Accessed November 1, 2022).
  5. Alagos, Peter. 2021. Virtual expo to help Qatar businesses tap Indonesian market, says business council exec. Gulf Times. https://www.gulf-times.com/story/703233/Virtual-expo-to-elpQatar-businesses-tap-Indonesian-market-says-business-council-exec. (Accessed December 6, 2022).
  6. Alagos, Peter. 2022a. Qatari investments sought for refinery projects in Indonesian province of Aceh. Gulf Times. https://www.gulf-times.com/story/721511/qatari-investments- sought-for-refineryprojects-in-indonesian-province-of-aceh. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  7. Alagos, Peter. 2022b. Qatar-Indonesia trade volume up 29% y-o-y to $758mn$758mn in H1. Gulf Times. https://www.gulf-times.com/story/725785/Qatar-Indonesia-trade-volume-up-29-y-o-y-to-758mn-in-H1. (Accessed December 4, 2022).
  8. Almawadi, Issa. 2014. Bank QNB Kesawan resmi berganti nama. Kontan.co. https://keuangan.kontan.co.id/news/bank-qnb-kesawan-resmi-berganti-nama. (Accessed Sepember 1, 2022).
  9. Al Qurtuby, Sumanto. 2019. Saudi Arabia and Indonesian Networks: Migration, Education, and Islam. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  10. Al Qurtuby, Sumanto and Shafi Aldamer. 2018. Saudi-Indonesian Relations: Historical Dynamics and Contemporary Development. Asian Perspective, 42: 121-144. https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2018.0004
  11. Aqil, Muhammad. 2022. RI, Qatar rally global support for Afghan women. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2022/12/12/indonesia-qatar-rally-international-support-for-afghan-womens-education.html. (Accessed December 12, 2022).
  12. Arief, Andi. 2021. Erick Thohir: Qatar Minat Investasi di Sektor Energi dan Pariwisata. Katadata. https://katadata.co.id/lavinda/finansial/6188b19bd5acb/erick-thohir-qatar-minat-investasi-di-sektor-energi-dan-pariwisata. (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  13. Asia Pacific Defence Journal. 2022. Indonesia to acquire used Mirage 2000-5 fighters from Qatar. https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2022/10/indonesia-to-acquire-used-mirage-2000-5.html. (Accessed December 2, 2022).
  14. Asian Banking & Finance. 2011. QNB's Bank Kesawan acquisition concluded. https://asianbankingandfinance.net/retail-banking/news/qnbs-bank-kesawan-acquisition-concluded. (Accessed April 1, 2022).
  15. Azra, Azyumardi. 2004. The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern 'Ulama' in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
  16. Budilaksono, Imam. 2022. Komisi II minta KPU jalankan Putusan MK terkait eks napi korupsi. Antara News. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3290287/komisi-ii-minta-kpu-jalankan-putusan-mk-terkait-eks-napi-korupsi?utm_source=antaranews&utm_medium=desktop&utm_campaign=related_news#mobile-src. (Accessed December 4, 2022).
  17. Chaplin, Chris. 2014. Imagining the Land of the Two Holy Mosques: The Social and Doctrinal Importance of Saudi Arabia in Indonesian Salafi Discourse. Austrian Journal of South East Asian Studies, 7(2): 217-236.
  18. Daelpos. 2020. Kemenpora Jalin Kerjasama di Bidang Olahraga dengan Qatar. https://daelpos.com/2020/01/06/kemenpora-jalin-kerjasama-di-bidang-olahraga-dengan-qatar/. (Accessed April 2, 2022).
  19. Diah, Femi. 2021. RI dan Katara Godok Qatar-Indonesia Year of Culture 2023. Detik. https://travel.detik.com/travel-news/d-5490202/ri-dan-katara-godok-qatar-indonesia-year-of-culture-2023. (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  20. Dorsey, James M. 2020. Indonesia: A Major Prize in the Battle for the Soul of Islam. The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. https://besacenter.org/indonesia-islam/. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  21. Eberling, George. 2017. China's Bilateral Relations with Its Principal Oil Suppliers. Lanham: Lexington Books.
  22. Eliraz, Giora. 2004. Islam in Indonesia: Modernism, Radicalism, and the Middle East Dimension. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
  23. Embassy of Malaysia in Doha. 2010. Qapco opens representative office in Kuala Lumpur. https://www.kln.gov.my/web/qat_doha/news-from-mission/-/blogs/qapco-opens-representative-office-in-kuala-lumpur. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  24. Evans, David. 2021. Qatar's Ooredoo, CK Hutchison to merge Indonesian telecom units. Rueters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatars-ooredoo-ck-hutchison-merge-their-indonesian-telco-arms-2021-09-16/. (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  25. Finn, Tom. 2016. Qatar's Nebras says to buy Engie's stake in Indonesia's Paiton. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/paiton-ma-nebras-idUKL8N1D12GC. (Accessed October 5, 2022).
  26. Gibbons, Zeynita. 2016a. Wonderful Indonesia promoted in Qatar. Antara News. https://en.antaranews.com/news/106214/wonderful-indonesia-promoted-in-qatar. (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  27. Gibbons, Zeynita. 2016b. Kemenpar pasang 7884 slot iklan Wonderful Indonesia di Aljazeera. Antara News. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/561058/kemenpar-pasang-7884-slot-iklan-wonderful-indonesia-di-aljazeera. (Accessed December 2, 2022).
  28. Gueraiche, William and Kristian Alexander, eds. 2022. Facets of Security in the United Arab Emirates. Oxon: Routledge.
  29. Gulf Times. 2017. Thuraya, Indosat Ooredoo to transform communications in Indonesia. https://www.gulf-times.com/story/530140/Thuraya-Indosat-Ooredoo-to-transform-communicatio. (Accessed April 2, 2022).
  30. Gulf Times. 2022. Qatar Charity provides aid to Indonesia quake-hit. https://www.gulf-times.com/article/651189/qatar/qatar-charity-provides-aid-to-indonesia-quake-hit. (Accessed December 2, 2022).
  31. Hadiz, Vedi R. 2016. Islamic Populism in Indonesia and the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  32. Hasan, Noorhaidi. 2005. Between Transnational Interest and Domestic Politics: Understanding Middle Eastern Fatwas on Jihad in the Moluccas. Islamic Law and Society, 12(1): 73-92. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568519053123885
  33. Hodali, Diana. 2021. Mengapa Qatar Menjaga Hubungan Dekat dengan Taliban?. Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/id/mengapa-qatar-jaga-hubungan-dengan-taliban/a-59041117. (Accessed December 7, 2022).
  34. Ibrahim, Menatalla. 2022. Qatar to open up luxury resort on Indonesia's 'New Bali' island in 2024. Doha News. https://dohanews.co/qatar-to-open-up-luxury-resort-on-indonesias-new-bali-island-in-2024/. Accessed December 7, 2022).
  35. Idrus, Baqir and Ihsan Nabil. 2022. Ministry promotes Indonesian tourism at 2022 World Cup. Antara News. https://en.antaranews.com/news/263711/ministry-promotes-indonesian-tourism-at-2022-world-cup. (Accessed December 2, 2022).
  36. Intelligence Online. 2021. Indonesian defence minister appoints Qatar defense lobbyist in Washington to speed up defence deals. https://www.intelligenceonline.com/international-dealmaking/2021/06/29/indonesian-defence-minister-appoints-qatar-defense-lobbyist-in-washington-to-speed-up-defence-deals,109676396-art. (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  37. Jensen, Sterling. 2017. Indonesia-UAE Relations in the Context of Regional Governance. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 11(4): 100-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2017.12023320
  38. Kementerian BUMN. 2021. Ke Qatar, Erick Jajaki Sejumlah Kerjasama Investasi Qatar dengan BUMN. https://bumn.go.id/media/press-conference/ke-qatar-erick-jajaki-sejumlah-kerjasama-investasi-qatar-dengan-bumn-z0. (Accessed December 4, 2022).
  39. Kementerian Luar Negeri RI. 2021a. Dubes RI Bahas Peningkatan Kerja Sama Pendidikan Dengan Menteri Qatar. https://kemlu.go.id/doha/id/news/14878/dubes-ri-bahas-peningkatan-kerja-sama-pendidikan-dengan-menteri-qatar. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  40. Kementerian Luar Negeri RI. 2021b. Pertemuan Menteri Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif Indonesia dan Duta Besar Indonesia untuk Qatar, Bahas Peluang kPeningkatan Kerja Sama Indonesia dan Qatar. https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/2756/berita/pertemuan-menteri-pariwisata-dan-ekonomi-kreatif-indonesia-dan-duta-besar-indonesia-untuk-qatar-bahas-peluang-peningkatan-kerja-sama-indonesia-dan-qatar. (Accessed December 2, 2022).
  41. Kementerian Luar Negeri RI. 2022. Batik Exhibition Enlivens the 2022 Qatar World Cup. https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/4265/berita/batik-exhibition-enlivens-the-2022-qatar-world-cup. (Accessed December 12, 2022).
  42. Khaliq, Riyaz ul. 2022. Afghan, Indonesian, Qatari officials meet in Doha for talks on Afghanistan. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/afghan-indonesian-qatari-officials-meet-in-doha-for-talks-on-afghanistan/2548317. (Accessed December 7, 2022).
  43. Kovacs, Amanda. 2014. Saudi Arabia exporting Salafi education and radicalizing Indonesia's Muslims. German Institute of Global and Area Studies. https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/40232/ssoar-2014-kovacs-Saudi_Arabia_Exporting_Salafi_Education.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-2014-kovacs-Saudi_Arabia_Exporting_Salafi_Education.pdf. (Accessed December 6, 2022).
  44. Kumala, Vienty. 2021. Wamenlu RI Mahendra Siregar jajaki kerja sama lembaga investasi Indonesia-Qatar. Antara News. https://riau.antaranews.com/berita/243429/wamenlu-ri-Mahendra-siregar-jajaki-kerja-sama-institution-investasi-indonesia-qatar. (Accessed December 6, 2022).
  45. Latul, Janeman. 2010. Qatar sets up $1bln Indonesia investment fund-govt officials. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/qatarholding-indonesia-idUSJKB00359720100510. (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  46. Llewellyn, Aisyah. 2022. 'Very proud': Indonesia makes mark in Qatar with official ball. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/11/28/very-proud-indonesia-leaves-mark-with-official-world-cup-ball. (Accessed December 2, 2022).
  47. Lucking, Mirjam. 2021. Indonesians and Their Arab World: Guided Mobility among Labor Migrants and Mecca Pilgrims. Oxford: Cornell University Press.
  48. Marpaung, Mananti A. 2021. Persiapan Qatar Indonesia Year of Culture 2023. Museum Nasional Indonesia. https://www.museumnasional.or.id/persiapan-qatar-indonesia-year-of-culture-2023-3443. (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  49. Masjid Istiqlal. 2021. Kunjungan Asisten dan Juru Bicara Menlu Qatardi Masjid Istiqlal. https://istiqlal.or.id/blog/detail/kunjungan-asisten-dan-juru-bicara-menlu-qatar-di-masjid-istiqlal.html. (Accessed May 1, 2022).
  50. Mason, Robert. 2022. Revitalized Interactions Between the Gulf and Indonesia. Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/revitalized-interactions-between-gulf-and-indonesia. (Accessed December 6, 2022).
  51. MEED. 2009. Qatar may buy Indonesian aircraft. https://www.meed.com/qatar-may-buy-indonesian-aircraft/. (Accessed January 2, 2022).
  52. MEED. 2011. A defining decision for lenders in Qatar. https://www.meed.com/a-defining-decision-for-lenders-in-qatar/. (Accessed December 2, 2022).
  53. Michella, Widya. 2022. Dubes Qatar Sowan ke PBNU, Bahas Kerja Sama Kegamaan hingga Pendidikan. Okenews. https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2022/03/15/337/2561922/dubes-qatar-sowan-ke-pbnu-bahas-kerja-sama-kegamaan-hingga-pendidikan. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  54. Middle East Eye. 2016. Qatar pledges $50 million to Indonesia for hosting Rohingya refugees. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/qatar-pledges-50-million-indonesia-hosting-rohingya-refugees. (Accessed April 4, 2022).
  55. Mingas, Melanie. 2021. Indosat Ooredoo launches first commercial 5G services in Indonesia. Capacity Media. https://www.capacitymedia.com/article/29otdc38gbc2vnirw579c/news/indosat-ooredoo-launches-first-commercial-5g-services-in-indonesia. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  56. Murtado, Ali. 2021. Diplomasi Muazin Indonesia di Qatar. Museum Nasional Indonesia. Kumparan. https://kumparan.com/ali-murtado1550498424284868859/diplomasi-muazin-indonesia-di-qatar-1vjGoMyvmga. (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  57. Muslim, Abdul. 2020. Qatar Ingin Kerja Sama di Bidang Telekomunikasi. Investor.ID. https://investor.id/it-and-telecommunication/217057/qatar-ingin-kerja-sama-di-bidang-telekomunikasi. (Accessed April 6, 2022).
  58. Naheem, Ahmad. 2017. The dramatic rift and crisis between Qatar and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) of June 2017. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 14: 265-277. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41310-017-0025-8
  59. Nathalia, Telly. 2018. Indonesia Denies Curbs on Foreign Aid Workers in Central Sulawesi Disaster Areas. Jakarta Globe. https://jakartaglobe.id/news/indonesia-denies-curbs-on-foreign-aid-workers-in-central-sulawesi-disaster-areas. (Accessed August 4, 2022).
  60. NS Energy. 2017. Nebras Power to invest $1bn in 800MW Indonesian gas-fired power project. https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/newsnebras-power-to-invest-1bn-in-800mw-indonesian-gas-fired-power-project-241017-5954872/. (Accessed April 5, 2022).
  61. O'Neill, Michael. 2007. Pertamina picks up Qatar stake. Upstream Online. https://www.upstreamonline.com/live-asiaoceania/pertamina-picks-up-qatar-stake/1-1-1015898. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  62. Otele, Oscar, Guanie Lim and Ana Alves. 2022. China-Driven Rail Development: Lessons from Kenya and Indonesia. South African Institute of International Affairs Policy Insights 121. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/157041/Oscar_China-driven%20rail%20development%20-%20lessons%20from%20Kenya%20and%20Indonesia.pdf?sequence=1. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  63. Piri, Rosalia. 2022. Indonesia's House Speaker Lauds Stronger Ties with Qatar. Kompas.com. https://go.kompas.com/read/2022/12/05/174017374/indonesias-house-speaker-lauds-stronger-tieswith-qatar?page=all#page2. (Accessed December 7, 2022).
  64. Prihatin, Umbari. 2021. Indonesia dan Qatar Perkuat Kerjasam a Pemulihan Ekonomi Setelah Pandemi. Merdeka. https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/indonesia-dan-qatar-perkuat-kerjasama-pemulihan-ekonomi-setelah-pandemi.html. (Accessed May 2, 2022).
  65. Priyandita, Gatra, Dirk van der Kley and Benjamin Herscovitch. 2022. Localization and China's Tech Success in Indonesia. Carnegie Endowment For International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/van_der_Kley_et_al_China_Indonesia_final_1.pdf. (Accessed July 6, 2022).
  66. Purwanto, Heru. 2016. Indonesia, Qatar improves cooperation on defense. Antara News. https://en.antaranews.com/news/107233/indonesia-qatar-improves-cooperation-on-defense. (Accessed December 2, 2022).
  67. Qatar Embassy in Jakarta - Republic of Indonesia. n.d. Qatar - Indonesia Relations. https://jakarta.embassy.qa/en/indonesia/qatar---indonesia-relations. (Accessed December 6, 2022).
  68. Qatar News Agency. 2020. HH the Emir Holds Talks with President of Indonesia. https://www.qna.org.qa/en/News-Area/News/2015-09/14/hh-the-emir-holds-talks-with-president-of-indonesia. (Accessed May 6, 2022).
  69. Qatar News Agency. 2021. QFFD Signs Agreement to Support Health Sector in Indonesia. https://www.qna.org.qa/en/News-Area/News/2021-12/23/0043-qffd-signs-agreement-to-support-health-sector-in-indonesia. (Accessed April 4, 2022).
  70. Raja, Mudassir. 2017. If you fail today, what you can do is try again, tomorrow. Gulf Times. https://www.gulf-times.com/story/575780/If-you-fail-today-what-you-can-do-is-try-again-tom#:~:text=Indonesian%20ambassador%20Air%20Marshal%20%28Retired%29%20Muhammad%20Basri%20Sidehabi,of%20being%20an%20ambassador%20in%20an%20important%20country. (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  71. Rakhmat, Muhammad. 2017. Qatar and the ASEAN Community. ASEAN Looks West: ASEAN and the Gulf Region. Wilfried A. Herrmann and Peter Lehr, eds. 160-181. Bangkok: White Lotus Press.
  72. Rakhmat, Muhammad. 2022a. From Hormuz to Malacca: Straits of Cooperation between the GCC and Indonesia. Middle East Institute Perspectives Series 22. https://mei.nus.edu.sg/publication/mei-perspectives-22-from-hormuz-to-malacca-straits-of-cooperation-between-the-gcc-and-indonesia/ (Accessed December 2, 2022).
  73. Rakhmat, Muhammad. 2022b. Exploring the Growing Qatar-Indonesia Military Cooperation. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2022/11/exploring-the-growing-qatar-indonesia-military-cooperation/. (Accessed December 2, 2022).
  74. Rakhmat, Muhammad. 2022c. Developments in Indonesian-Saudi Relations Under President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo. King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies. https://www.kfcris.com/pdf/ab424dded436e4b35ed36249d36ce2e362b082f794357.pdf. (Accessed December 6, 2022).
  75. Rakhmat, Muhammad and M. Habib Pashya. 2022. Indonesia's Energy Relations with the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: Drivers and Progress. Indonesian Journal of Energy, 5(1): 25-32 https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v5i1.126
  76. Rakhmat, Muhammad and Yeta Purnama. 2022. Indonesia and Qatar Collaborate on Afghanistan Relief Efforts. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2022/06/indonesia-and-qatar-collaborate-on-afghanistan-relief-efforts/. (Accessed December 4, 2022).
  77. Rakhmat, Muhammad, Hasbi Aswar, Gustrieni Putri and Karina Utami Dewi, 2022. Indonesia's Foreign Policy Perspective on the Gulf's Security Architecture. Croatian International Relations Review, 28(89): 336-353.
  78. Rakhmat, Muhammad, M. Habib Pashya, Muhammad Fuad Tingai, and Ari Septyan Putri. 2021. Indonesia-Oman Relationship: Gradually Growing with Many Opportunities. Asia Pacific Studies, 5(1): 49-50.
  79. Reliefweb. 2020. Qatar Charity signs $30m MoU with Indonesian government for 3 years. https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/qatar-charity-signs-30m-mou-indonesian-government-3-years. (Accessed April 2, 2022).
  80. Reuters. 2019. Qatar's Nebras Power denies considering stake sale in Paiton Energy. https://www.reuters.com/article/pt-paiton-energy-nebras-power-stake-idUSB2N1ZT028. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  81. Ribka, Stefani. 2017. Indonesia, Qatar to set up business council. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/10/18/indonesia-qatar-to-set-up-business-council.html. (Accessed December 4, 2022).
  82. Rini, Citra. 2011. Qatar Petroleum Serius Bangun Kilang di Indonesia. Republika. https://nasional.republika.co.id/berita/ln610j/qatarpetroleum-serius-bangun-kilang-di-indonesia. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  83. RMOL.ID. 2016. DDII Dan Qatar Sepakat Siarkan Ceramah Dalam Bahasa Indonesia. https://rmol.id/read/2016/05/03/245328/ddii-dan-qatar-sepakat-siarkan-ceramah-dalam-bahasa-indonesia. (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  84. Rochmaedah, Dedeh, Basrowi and Bambang Dwi Suseno. 2022. Strategy of Former Indonesian Migrant Workers From Qatar in The Era of The Covid-19 Outbreak. International Journal of Business, Management, and Economics, 3(2): 185-195. https://doi.org/10.47747/ijbme.v3i2.699
  85. Saadah and Dini Verdania Latif. 2022. Taliban and Its Influence on Indonesia and Afghanistan Trade Balance. Central Asia and The Caucasus, 23(1): 1057-1062.
  86. Saeid, Sameh. 2016. Qatar-Indonesia trade volume grows by 260%. Qatar Tribune. https://www.qatar-tribune.com/article/25727/BUSINESS/39Qatar-Indonesia-trade-volume-grows-by-260-39. (Accessed December 6, 2022).
  87. Saleh, Tahir. 2020. Diam-diam, Qatar National Bank Suntik Bank QNB Rp 444 M. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20201019101600-17-195301/diam-diam-qatar-nationalbank-suntik-bank-qnb-rp-444-m. (Accessed March 1, 2022).
  88. Santosa, Teguh. 2019. Dubes Al Hamar: Bagi Qatar, Indonesia Negara Yang Penting. Zona Terbang. https://www.zonaterbang.id/read/2019/06/01/1083/dubes-al-hamar:-bagi-Qatar-indonesia-negara-yang-penting. (Accessed March 1, 2022).
  89. Sen, Indrajit. 2015. Indonesia eyes Qatar for oil and gas exploration. Oil & Gas Middle East. https://www.oilandgasmiddleeast.com/products-services/article-14951-indonesia-eyes-qatar-for-oil-and-gas-exploration. (Accessed February 5, 2022).
  90. Sheany. 2018. Qatar to Invest $500m in Indonesia's Tourism Sector. Jakarta Globe. https://jakartaglobe.id/news/qatar-invest-500mindonesias-tourism-sector/.(Accessed December 6, 2022).
  91. Sinaga, Yuni. 2021. Qatar University tertarik buka cabang di Indonesia. Antara News. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/2344130/qatar-university-tertarik-buka-cabang-di-indonesia. (Accessed April 5, 2022).
  92. Siregar, Ramlan and Zulkarnain. 2021. Environmentally Friendly Alternative Energy Development Policies in Overcoming the Energy Crisis. British Journal of Environmental Studies, 1(1): 44-50.
  93. Suharto, Katriana. 2022. Former KPK chief receives anti-corruption award from Qatar. Antara. https://en.antaranews.com/news/264823/former-kpk-chief-receives-anti-corruption-award-from-qatar. (Accessed December 11, 2022).
  94. The Peninsula. 2014. Ooredoo in Indonesia health initiative. https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/13/09/2014/ooredoo-in-indonesia-health-initiative. (Accessed December 4, 2022).
  95. The Peninsula. 2017. Nebras Power signs HOA for 800MW power project. https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/24/10/2017/Nebras-Power-signs-HOA-for-800MW-power-project. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  96. The Peninsula. 2020. Defence Minister meets Indonesian counterpart. https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/27/07/2020/Defence-Minister-meets-Indonesian-counterpart. (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  97. Trade Arabia. 2009. Qataris may invest in $1bn Indonesia plant. https://www.tradearabia.com/news/OGN_163120.html. (Accessed December 5, 2022).
  98. Triono, Aru. 2022. Kerja Sama dengan Kerajaan Qatar, PBNU Akan Bangun 100 Masjid di Indonesia. NU Online. https://www.nu.or.id/nasional/kerja-sama-dengan-kerajaan-qatar-pbnu-akan-bangun-100-masjid-di-indonesia-7ZPqn. (Accessed March 5, 2022).
  99. UIN News Online. 2022. UIN Jakarta and Qatar University Agree to Collaborate. UIN Jakarta. https://www.uinjkt.ac.id/en/uin-jakarta-and-qatar-university-agree-to-collaborate. (Accessed July 20, 2022).
  100. UIN Walisongo Semarang. 2014. UIN Walisongo Kembangkan Kerjasama dengan Qatar. https://walisongo.ac.id/?p=10000290. (Accessed January 1, 2022).
  101. UN International Trade Statistics Database. 2020. Indonesia and Qatar Trade. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/idn/partner/qat (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  102. UNIDA. n.d. Daftar Implementasi Kerjasama dalam bentuk Kegiatan. https://simkerma.unida.gontor.ac.id/kegiatan/index?sort=-keterangan&page=11&_togcd3f057e=page. (Accessed December 1, 2022).
  103. Vebriyanto, Widian. 2017. Krisis Teluk, Indonesia Konsisten Tawarkan Solusi Damai. RMOL.ID. https://politik.rmol.id/read/2017/10/19/311649/krisis-teluk-indonesia-konsisten-tawarkan-solusi-damai. (Accessed December 6, 2022).
  104. VNA. 2021. Indonesia to set up travel corridor with UAE, Qatar. https://en.vietnamplus.vn/indonesia-to-set-up-travel-corridor-with-uae-qatar/200378.vnp. (Accessed December 2, 2022).
  105. Wardah, Fathiyah. 2022. Indonesia, Qatar Sepakat Berikan Bantuan Kemanusiaan Jangka Panjang Bagi Afghanistan. VOA Indonesia. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/indonesia-qatar-sepakat-berikan-bantuan-kemanusiaan-jangka-panjang-bagi-afghanistan/6504891.html. (Accessed July 7, 2022).
  106. Wicaksana, I Gede M and Agastya Wardhana. 2021. Populism and foreign policy: The Indonesian case. Asian Politics & Policy, 13(3): 408-425. https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12594
  107. Yosephine, Liza. 2016. Indonesia eyes weapons export market in Qatar. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/10/14/indonesia-eyes-weapons-export-market-in-qatar.html. (Accessed December 2, 2022).
  108. Zufrizal. 2021. Investasi Qatar Masih Rendah, Dubes RI: Bisa Ditingkatkan Lagi. Bisnis.com. https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20210320/9/1370059/investasi-qatar-masih-rendah-dubes-ri-bisa-ditingkatkan-lagi. (Accessed December 2, 2022).