Acknowledgement
The statistical analyses were supported by the Medical Research Collaborating Center (MRCC) of Seoul National University. We sincerely thank Professor Yunhee Choi of MRCC for her statistical assistance and consultation.
References
- Newman LA, Reis-Filho JS, Morrow M, Carey LA, King TA. The 2014 Society of Surgical Oncology Susan G. Komen for the Cure Symposium: triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2015;22:874-882 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-014-4279-0
- Foulkes WD, Smith IE, Reis-Filho JS. Triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1938-1948 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1001389
- Korde LA, Somerfield MR, Carey LA, Crews JR, Denduluri N, Hwang ES, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and targeted therapy for breast cancer: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:1485-1505 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.03399
- Caudle AS, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Hunt KK, Pusztai L, Kuerer HM, Mittendorf EA, et al. Impact of progression during neoadjuvant chemotherapy on surgical management of breast cancer. Annals of Surgical Oncology 2011;18:932-938 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-010-1390-8
- Caudle AS, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Hunt KK, Liu P, Pusztai L, Symmans WF, et al. Predictors of tumor progression during neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1821-1828 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.25.3286
- Rouzier R, Pusztai L, Delaloge S, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Andre F, Hess KR, et al. Nomograms to predict pathologic complete response and metastasis-free survival after preoperative chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:8331-8339 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.01.2898
- Keam B, Im SA, Park S, Nam BH, Han SW, Oh DY, et al. Nomogram predicting clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011;137:1301-1308 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-011-0991-3
- Colleoni M, Bagnardi V, Rotmensz N, Viale G, Mastropasqua M, Veronesi P, et al. A nomogram based on the expression of Ki-67, steroid hormone receptors status and number of chemotherapy courses to predict pathological complete remission after preoperative chemotherapy for breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2010;46:2216-2224 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.008
- Xu W, Chen X, Deng F, Zhang J, Zhang W, Tang J. Predictors of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in breast cancer: a review. Onco Targets Ther 2020;13:5887-5899 https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S253056
- Reig B, Heacock L, Lewin A, Cho N, Moy L. Role of MRI to assess response to neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020;52:1587-1606 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.27145
- Marinovich ML, Houssami N, Macaskill P, Sardanelli F, Irwig L, Mamounas EP, et al. Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting residual breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013;105:321-333 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djs528
- Bian T, Wu Z, Lin Q, Wang H, Ge Y, Duan S, et al. Radiomic signatures derived from multiparametric MRI for the pretreatment prediction of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Br J Radiol 2020;93:20200287
- Sutton EJ, Onishi N, Fehr DA, Dashevsky BZ, Sadinski M, Pinker K, et al. A machine learning model that classifies breast cancer pathologic complete response on MRI post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res 2020;22:57
- Goorts B, Dreuning KMA, Houwers JB, Kooreman LFS, Boerma EG, Mann RM, et al. MRI-based response patterns during neoadjuvant chemotherapy can predict pathological (complete) response in patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2018;20:34
- Gu YL, Pan SM, Ren J, Yang ZX, Jiang GQ. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in detection of pathologic complete remission in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. Clin Breast Cancer 2017;17:245-255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2016.12.010
- Yuan Y, Chen XS, Liu SY, Shen KW. Accuracy of MRI in prediction of pathologic complete remission in breast cancer after preoperative therapy: a meta-analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;195:260-268 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.09.3908
- Harada TL, Uematsu T, Nakashima K, Kawabata T, Nishimura S, Takahashi K, et al. Evaluation of breast edema findings at T2-weighted breast MRI is useful for diagnosing occult inflammatory breast cancer and can predict prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Radiology 2021;299:53-62 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2021202604
- Gradishar WJ, Anderson BO, Abraham J, Aft R, Agnese D, Allison KH, et al. Breast cancer, version 3.2020, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020;18:452-478 https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2020.0016
- Liedtke C, Mazouni C, Hess KR, Andre F, Tordai A, Mejia JA, et al. Response to neoadjuvant therapy and long-term survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:1275-1281 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.14.4147
- Bae MS, Shin SU, Ryu HS, Han W, Im SA, Park IA, et al. Pretreatment MR imaging features of triple-negative breast cancer: association with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and recurrence-free survival. Radiology 2016;281:392-400 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016152331
- Kim SY, Cho N, Park IA, Kwon BR, Shin SU, Kim SY, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MRI for evaluating residual tumor size after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Radiology 2018;289:327-334 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018172868
- Kim SY, Cho N, Choi Y, Lee SH, Ha SM, Kim ES, et al. Factors affecting pathologic complete response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: development and validation of a predictive nomogram. Radiology 2021;299:290-300 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2021203871
- American College of Radiology. ACR BI-RADS Atlas: breast imaging reporting and data system; mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, follow-up and outcome monitoring, data dictionary, 5th ed. Reston: American College of Radiology, 2013:1-173
- Uematsu T. Focal breast edema associated with malignancy on T2-weighted images of breast MRI: peritumoral edema, prepectoral edema, and subcutaneous edema. Breast Cancer 2015;22:66-70 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-014-0572-9
- Kim SY, Kim EK, Moon HJ, Yoon JH, Koo JS, Kim SG, et al. Association among T2 signal intensity, necrosis, ADC and Ki-67 in estrogen receptor-positive and HER2-negative invasive ductal carcinoma. Magn Reson Imaging 2018;54:176-182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2018.08.017
- Harada TL, Uematsu T, Nakashima K, Sugino T, Nishimura S, Takahashi K, et al. Is the presence of edema and necrosis on T2WI pretreatment breast MRI the key to predict pCR of triple negative breast cancer? Eur Radiol 2020;30:3363-3370 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06662-7
- Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, Ford R, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009;45:228-247 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.026
- Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Mark DB. Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat Med 1996;15:361-387 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19960229)15:4<361::AID-SIM168>3.0.CO;2-4
- DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics 1988:837-845
- Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977:159-174
- Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med 2016;15:155-163 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
- Uematsu T, Kasami M, Watanabe J, Takahashi K, Yamasaki S, Tanaka K, et al. Is lymphovascular invasion degree one of the important factors to predict neoadjuvant chemotherapy efficacy in breast cancer? Breast Cancer 2011;18:309-313 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-010-0211-z
- Gonzalez-Martinez S, Perez-Mies B, Carretero-Barrio I, Palacios-Berraquero ML, Perez-Garcia J, Cortes J, et al. Molecular features of metaplastic breast carcinoma: an infrequent subtype of triple negative breast carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12:1832
- Park HS, Park S, Kim JH, Lee JH, Choi SY, Park BW et al. Clinicopathologic features and outcomes of metaplastic breast carcinoma: comparison with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Yonsei Med J 2010;51:864-869 https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2010.51.6.864
- Chen X, He C, Han D, Zhou M, Wang Q, Tian J, et al. The predictive value of Ki-67 before neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Oncol 2017;13:843-857 https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2016-0420
- Holanek M, Selingerova I, Fabian P, Coufal O, Zapletal O, Petrakova K, et al. Biomarker dynamics and long-term treatment outcomes in breast cancer patients with residual cancer burden after neoadjuvant therapy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022;12:1740
- Hamy AS, Lam GT, Laas E, Darrigues L, Balezeau T, Guerin J, et al. Lymphovascular invasion after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is strongly associated with poor prognosis in breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018;169:295-304 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-017-4610-0