Child Health Nursing Research

Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing (한국아동간호학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Prevalence and risk factors of developmental disabilities among preschool children in the Arab world: a narrative literature review

  • Omar H. Almahmoud (Faculty of Nursing, University of Jordan.Nursing Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Profession College, Birzeit University) ;
  • Lubna Abushaikha (Faculty of Nursing, University of Jordan)
  • Received : 2022.09.27
  • Accepted : 2022.11.22
  • Published : 2023.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Purpose: Developmental disabilities (DDs) are a global childhood problem whose prevalence is rising, with a disproportionate impact on individuals in low-and middle-income countries. However, data on the prevalence of DDs in the Arab world are limited. This review highlights what is currently known about the prevalence and risk factors of DDs in preschool children in the Arab world. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, CINAHL, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were searched for publications on DDs among preschool children in the Arab world. Only 14 studies were identified in the literature, from 12 Arab countries. Results: The overall estimated prevalence of DDs among preschool children in the Arab world is 27.5%. An analysis of risk factors for DDs showed that child-related, maternal, and family-related factors account for a significant cumulative risk of developing DDs in preschool children. Maternal factors, such as antenatal and perinatal complications, were the most common risk factors. Conclusion: The prevalence of DDs among preschoolers is significantly high in the Arab world, which emphasizes the importance of the early detection and diagnosis of DD, as well as its associated risk factors.

Keywords

References

  1. Black MM, Walker SP, Fernald LCH, Andersen CT, DiGirolamo AM, Lu C, et al.; Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering Committee. Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course. Lancet. 2017;389(10064):77-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7
  2. Abbott MB, Vlasses CH. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. JAMA. 2011;306(21):2387-2388. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1775
  3. Guy-Evans O. Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory [Internet]. Simply Psychology; 2020 [cited 2021 November 16]. Available from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/Bronfenbrenner.html
  4. Mithyantha R, Kneen R, McCann E, Gladstone M. Current evidence-based recommendations on investigating children with global developmental delay. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2017;102(11):1071-1076. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-311271
  5. Moeschler JB, Shevell M; Committee on Genetics. Comprehensive evaluation of the child with intellectual disability or global developmental delays. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):e903-e918. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1839
  6. Doyle O, Harmon CP, Heckman JJ, Tremblay RE. Investing in early human development: timing and economic efficiency. Economics and Human Biology. 2009;7(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2009.01.002
  7. Heckman JJ. The developmental origins of health. Health Economics. 2012;21(1):24-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1802
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Child development [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2021 [cited 2021 November 10]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/index.html
  9. Britto PR, Lye SJ, Proulx K, Yousafzai AK, Matthews SG, Vaivada T, et al. Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development. Lancet. 2017;389(10064):91-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31390-3
  10. Vitrikas K, Savard D, Bucaj M. Developmental delay: when and how to screen. American Family Physician. 2017;96(1):36-43.
  11. Eapen V, Zoubeidi T, Yunis F, Gururaj AK, Sabri S, Ghubash R. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of global developmental delay in 3-year-old children in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2006;61(3):321-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.05.012
  12. Shatla MM, Goweda RA. Prevalence and factors associated with developmental delays among preschool children in Saudi Arabia. Journal of High Institute of Public Health. 2020;50(1):10-17. https://doi.org/10.21608/jhiph.2020.79318
  13. Moore TG, McDonald M, Carlon L, O'Rourke K. Early childhood development and the social determinants of health inequities. Health Promotion International. 2015;30 Suppl 2:ii102-ii115. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dav031
  14. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Early childhood education [Internet]. UNICEF; 2021 [cited 2021 November 27]. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/topic/early-childhood-development/early-childhood-education/
  15. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO regional office for the Eastern Mediterranean [Internet]. WHO; 2021 [cited 2021 November 15]. Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/entity/about-us/index.html
  16. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews. 2021; 10(1):89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4
  17. Bricker D, Squires J. Ages & stages questionnaires. 3rd ed. Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.; 2009.
  18. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine. 2009;6(7):e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  19. Masri A, Hamamy H, Khreisat A. Profile of developmental delay in children under five years of age in a highly consanguineous community: a hospital-based study-Jordan. Brain & Development. 2011; 33(10):810-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2010.12.002
  20. Koul R, Al-Yahmedy M, Al-Futaisi A. Evaluation children with global developmental delay: a prospective study at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman. Oman Medical Journal. 2012;27(4):310-313. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2012.76
  21. Charafeddine L, El Hage R, Tamim H, Akouri-Dirani L, Sinno D. PO-0814 Developmental follow up of former premature infants: a pilot study in Lebanon. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2014;99(Suppl 2):A520. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-307384.1448
  22. Sinno D, Tamim H, Faytrouni F, Mikati MA, Charafeddine L. Factors affecting child development assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) in an Arabic speaking population. Early Human Development. 2018;120:61-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.04.002
  23. Sarhat AR, Jihad SS, Abdal Rahuman SK. Risk factors for developmental delay among children in Ba'aquba-Iraq. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. 2019;13(3):364-368.
  24. Al-Naddawi M, Ibraheem MF, Alwan SH. Causes of global developmental delay in children welfare teaching hospital-Baghdad. The Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2013;12(3):383-389.
  25. Abo El Elella SS, Tawfik MAM, Abo El Fotoh WMM, Barseem NF. Screening for developmental delay in preschool-aged children using parent-completed Ages and Stages Questionnaires: additional insights into child development. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2017;93(1104):597-602. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134694
  26. Abou El-Ella SS, Mohammed Tawfik MA, Abo El-Fotoh WM, Kamal Baker Gomma AA. Assessment of intellectual development in preschool children in west of Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Menoufia Medical Journal. 2017;30(3):734-740.
  27. Salhi C, Beatriz E, McBain R, McCoy D, Sheridan M, Fink G. Physical discipline, deprivation, and differential risk of developmental delay across 17 countries. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021;60(2):296-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.02.016
  28. Gil JD, Ewerling F, Ferreira LZ, Barros AJ. Early childhood suspected developmental delay in 63 low- and middle-income countries: large within- and between-country inequalities documented using national health surveys. Journal of Global Health. 2020;10(1):010427. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010427
  29. Habibullah H, Albradie R, Bashir S. Identifying pattern in global developmental delay children: a retrospective study at King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam (Saudi Arabia). Pediatric Reports. 2019;11(4):8251. https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2019.8251
  30. Abolfotouh MA, Al Saif S, Altwaijri WA, Al Rowaily MA. Prospective study of early and late outcomes of extremely low birthweight in Central Saudi Arabia. BMC Pediatrics. 2018;18(1):280. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1248-y
  31. Salomone E, Pacione L, Shire S, Brown FL, Reichow B, Servili C. Development of the WHO caregiver skills training program for developmental disorders or delays. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2019;10:769. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00769
  32. Dornelas Lde F, Duarte NM, Magalhaes Lde C. [Neuropsychomotor developmental delay: conceptual map, term definitions, uses and limitations]. Revista Paulista de Pediatria. 2015;33(1):88-103. Portuguese. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpped.2014.04.009
  33. Chen Q, Kong Y, Gao W, Mo L. Effects of socioeconomic status, parent-child relationship, and learning motivation on reading ability. Frontiers in Psychology. 2018;9:1297. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01297
  34. Kail RV, Cavanaugh JC. Human development: a life-span view. 8th ed. Cengage; 2018.
  35. Muller JB, Hanf M, Flamant C, Olivier M, Rouger V, Gascoin G, et al. Relative contributions of prenatal complications, perinatal characteristics, neonatal morbidities and socio-economic conditions of preterm infants on the occurrence of developmental disorders up to 7 years of age. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2019;48(1):71-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy240
  36. Soleimani F, Bajalan Z, Alavi Majd H, Fallah S. Relationship between gender and development status in children. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2018;18(4):338-345. https://doi.org/10.21859/jrehab.18.4.8
  37. Upadhyay RP, Naik G, Choudhary TS, Chowdhury R, Taneja S, Bhandari N, et al. Cognitive and motor outcomes in children born low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from South Asia. BMC Pediatrics. 2019;19(1):35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1408-8