Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Jung-Hyeon Choi (Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology [KRIBB]) for technical assistance with immunohistochemistry. This work was supported by grants from the grant of National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (2019R1A2C1007906) and KRIBB Research Initiative Program from the Korea government.
References
- Bulun SE, Utsunomiya H, Lin Z, Yin P, Cheng YH, Pavone ME, Tokunaga H, Trukhacheva E, Attar E, Gurates B, et al. Steroidogenic factor-1 and endometriosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009;300:104-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2008.12.012
- Ho HN, Wu MY, Yang YS. Peritoneal cellular immunity and endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 1997;38:400-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00319.x
- Kyama CM, Debrock S, Mwenda JM, D'Hooghe TM. Potential involvement of the immune system in the development of endometriosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003;1:123.
- Berbic M, Fraser IS. Regulatory T cells and other leukocytes in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. J Reprod Immunol 2011;88:149-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2010.11.004
- Osuga Y, Koga K, Hirota Y, Hirata T, Yoshino O, Taketani Y. Lymphocytes in endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011;65:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01014.x
- D'Hooghe TM, Debrock S, Hill JA, Meuleman C. Endometriosis and subfertility: Is the relationship resolved? Semin Reprod Med 2003;21:243-254. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-41330
- Khan KN, Kitajima M, Hiraki K, Fujishita A, Sekine I, Ishimaru T, Masuzaki H. Immunopathogenesis of pelvic endometriosis: role of hepatocyte growth factor, macrophages and ovarian steroids. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008;60:383-404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00643.x
- Weaver CT, Harrington LE, Mangan PR, Gavrieli M, Murphy KM. Th17: an effector CD4 T cell lineage with regulatory T cell ties. Immunity 2006;24:677-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2006.06.002
- Miossec P, Korn T, Kuchroo VK. Interleukin-17 and type 17 helper T cells. N Engl J Med 2009;361:888-898. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0707449
- Wilke CM, Bishop K, Fox D, Zou W. Deciphering the role of Th17 cells in human disease. Trends Immunol 2011;32:603-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2011.08.003
- Qi W, Huang X, Wang J. Correlation between Th17 cells and tumor microenvironment. Cell Immunol 2013;285:18-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.06.001
- Kryczek I, Wu K, Zhao E, Wei S, Vatan L, Szeliga W, Huang E, Greenson J, Chang A, Rolinski J, et al. IL-17+ regulatory T cells in the microenvironments of chronic inflammation and cancer. J Immunol 2011;186:4388-4395. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1003251
- Chung Y, Chang SH, Martinez GJ, Yang XO, Nurieva R, Kang HS, Ma L, Watowich SS, Jetten AM, Tian Q, et al. Critical regulation of early Th17 cell differentiation by interleukin-1 signaling. Immunity 2009;30:576-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2009.02.007
- Zhang X, Xu H, Lin J, Qian Y, Deng L. Peritoneal fluid concentrations of interleukin-17 correlate with the severity of endometriosis and infertility of this disorder. BJOG 2005;112:1153-1155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00639.x
- Hirata T, Osuga Y, Hamasaki K, Yoshino O, Ito M, Hasegawa A, Takemura Y, Hirota Y, Nose E, Morimoto C, et al. Interleukin (IL)-17A stimulates IL-8 secretion, cyclooxygensase-2 expression, and cell proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells. Endocrinology 2008;149:1260-1267. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0749
- Velasco I, Acien P, Campos A, Acien MI, Ruiz-Macia E. Interleukin-6 and other soluble factors in peritoneal fluid and endometriomas and their relation to pain and aromatase expression. J Reprod Immunol 2010;84:199-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2009.11.004
- Ahn SH, Edwards AK, Singh SS, Young SL, Lessey BA, Tayade C. IL-17A contributes to the pathogenesis of endometriosis by triggering proinflammatory cytokines and angiogenic growth factors. J Immunol 2015;195:2591-2600. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1501138
- Hirota Y, Osuga Y, Hirata T, Harada M, Morimoto C, Yoshino O, Koga K, Yano T, Tsutsumi O, Taketani Y. Activation of protease-activated receptor 2 stimulates proliferation and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 secretion of endometriotic stromal cells. Hum Reprod 2005;20:3547-3553. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei255
- Hirota Y, Osuga Y, Hirata T, Yoshino O, Koga K, Harada M, Morimoto C, Nose E, Yano T, Tsutsumi O, et al. Possible involvement of thrombin/protease-activated receptor 1 system in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:3673-3679. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0493
- Park A, Lee Y, Kim MS, Kang YJ, Park YJ, Jung H, Kim TD, Lee HG, Choi I, Yoon SR. Prostaglandin E2 secreted by thyroid cancer cells contributes to immune escape through the suppression of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and NK cell differentiation. Front Immunol 2018;9:1859.
- Kang YJ, Jeung IC, Park A, Park YJ, Jung H, Kim TD, Lee HG, Choi I, Yoon SR. An increased level of IL-6 suppresses NK cell activity in peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis via regulation of SHP-2 expression. Hum Reprod 2014;29:2176-2189. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu172
- Kryczek I, Wei S, Vatan L, Escara-Wilke J, Szeliga W, Keller ET, Zou W. Cutting edge: opposite effects of IL-1 and IL-2 on the regulation of IL-17+ T cell pool IL-1 subverts IL-2-mediated suppression. J Immunol 2007;179:1423-1426. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1423
- Kryczek I, Wei S, Szeliga W, Vatan L, Zou W. Endogenous IL-17 contributes to reduced tumor growth and metastasis. Blood 2009;114:357-359. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-09-177360
- Gu FM, Li QL, Gao Q, Jiang JH, Zhu K, Huang XY, Pan JF, Yan J, Hu JH, Wang Z, et al. IL-17 induces AKT-dependent IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 activation and tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2011;10:150. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-10-150
- Grivennikov SI, Wang K, Mucida D, Stewart CA, Schnabl B, Jauch D, Taniguchi K, Yu GY, Osterreicher CH, Hung KE, et al. Adenoma-linked barrier defects and microbial products drive IL-23/IL-17-mediated tumour growth. Nature 2012;491:254-258. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11465
- Kinugasa T, Sakaguchi T, Gu X, Reinecker HC. Claudins regulate the intestinal barrier in response to immune mediators. Gastroenterology 2000;118:1001-1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70351-9
- Li Q, Han Y, Fei G, Guo Z, Ren T, Liu Z. IL-17 promoted metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Immunol Lett 2012;148:144-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2012.10.011
- Kalluri R. EMT: when epithelial cells decide to become mesenchymal-like cells. J Clin Invest 2009;119:1417-1419. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI39675
- Au HK, Chang JH, Wu YC, Kuo YC, Chen YH, Lee WC, Chang TS, Lan PC, Kuo HC, Lee KL, et al. TGF-βI regulates cell migration through pluripotent transcription factor OCT4 in endometriosis. PLoS One 2015;10:e0145256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145256
- Wieser F, Fabjani G, Tempfer C, Schneeberger C, Zeillinger R, Huber JC, Wenzl R. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotor polymorphisms and endometriosis. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2002;9:313-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/107155760200900510
- Wang L, Yi T, Kortylewski M, Pardoll DM, Zeng D, Yu H. IL-17 can promote tumor growth through an IL-6-Stat3 signaling pathway. J Exp Med 2009;206:1457-1464. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20090207
- Xu L, Kitani A, Fuss I, Strober W. Cutting edge: regulatory T cells induce CD4+CD25-Foxp3- T cells or are self-induced to become Th17 cells in the absence of exogenous TGF-β. J Immunol 2007;178:6725-6729. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6725
- Park H, Li Z, Yang XO, Chang SH, Nurieva R, Wang YH, Wang Y, Hood L, Zhu Z, Tian Q, et al. A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17. Nat Immunol 2005;6:1133-1141. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1261
- Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, Weiner HL, Kuchroo VK. Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature 2006;441:235-238. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04753
- Mangan PR, Harrington LE, O'Quinn DB, Helms WS, Bullard DC, Elson CO, Hatton RD, Wahl SM, Schoeb TR, Weaver CT. Transforming growth factor-beta induces development of the TH17 lineage. Nature 2006;441:231-234. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04754
- Rizzo R, Lo Monte G, Bortolotti D, Graziano A, Gentili V, Di Luca D, Marci R. Impact of soluble HLA-G levels and endometrial NK cells in uterine flushing samples from primary and secondary unexplained infertile women. Int J Mol Sci 2015;16:5510-5516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16035510
- Chen YJ, Li HY, Huang CH, Twu NF, Yen MS, Wang PH, Chou TY, Liu YN, Chao KC, Yang MH. Oestrogen-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of endometrial epithelial cells contributes to the development of adenomyosis. J Pathol 2010;222:261-270. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2761