DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

도시공원 면적이 유아 행복감에 미치는 영향에 대한 인과관계 연구

Causal effect of urban parks on children's happiness

  • 권나연 (성균관대학교 통계학과) ;
  • 김찬민 (성균관대학교 통계학과)
  • Nayeon Kwon (Department of Statistics, SungKyunKwan University) ;
  • Chanmin Kim (Department of Statistics, SungKyunKwan University)
  • 투고 : 2022.11.02
  • 심사 : 2022.11.13
  • 발행 : 2023.02.28

초록

기존의 많은 연구에서 도시공원을 비롯한 녹지와 유아 행복감 간에 유의미한 상관관계를 도출했다. 또한 이를 통해 간접적으로 도시공원의 면적/근접성이 유아기의 행복감 증진에 효과가 있을 것이라 유추하였다. 하지만 관찰된 자료를 통한 인과효과 추정은 교란 변수의 적절한 조정을 필요로하고, 이런 관점에서 도시공원의 면적과 유아 행복감의 인과관계는 명확히 밝혀지지 않았다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 한국아동패널 자료를 이용하여 도시공원의 면적이 유아 행복감에 미치는 영향에 대한 인과효과를 추정하였다. 교란 변수를 조정하기 위한 방법으로 회귀 모형을 이용한 조정(regression adjustment), 가중치 기법(weighting), 그리고 매칭(matching) 등을 이용하였고, 각 방법들의 중요 개념을 분석 결과에 앞서 기술하였다. 교란 변수의 선택에 있어서 유향 비순환 그래프(directed acyclic graph)를 사용하였다. 분석 결과, 기존의 상관관계를 이용한 결론과는 다르게 도시공원의 면적과 유아 행복감 간에는 유의미한 인과효과가 존재하지 않았다.

Many existing studies have found significant correlations between green spaces, including urban parks, and children's happiness. Furthermore, it was implied that the area/proximity of the urban park would be effective in enhancing infancy happiness. However, inferring causal effects from observed data requires appropriate adjustment of confounding variables, and from this perspective, the causal relationship between the area of urban parks and children's happiness has not been well understood. The causal effect of urban parks on children's happiness was estimated in this study using data from the panel study on Korean children. As methods for adjusting confounding variables, regression adjustment using a regression method, weighting method, and matching method were used, and key concepts of each method were described before the analysis results. Confounders were chosen for the analysis using a directed acyclic graph. In contrast to previous research, the analysis found no significant causal relationship between the size of the city park and children's happiness.

키워드

과제정보

본 연구는 한국연구재단의 지원에 의해 수행한 연구입니다 (NRF-2020R1F1A1A01048168, NRF-2022R1F1A1062904).

참고문헌

  1. Austin PC (2011). An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46, 399-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2011.568786
  2. Balseviciene B, Sinkariova L, Grazuleviciene R, Andrusaityte S, Uzdanaviciute I, Dedele A, and Nieuwenhuijsen MJ (2014). Impact of residential greenness on preschool children's emotional and behavioral problems, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11, 6757-6770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110706757
  3. Barrera-Hernandez LF, Sotelo-Castillo MA, Echeverria-Castro SB, and Tapia-Fonllem CO (2020). Connectedness to nature: Its impact on sustainable behaviors and happiness in children, Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 276.
  4. Blackwell M, Iacus S, King G, and Porro G (2009). Cem: Coarsened exact matching in stata, The Stata Journal, 9, 524-546. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0900900402
  5. Boldemann C, Blennow M, Dal H, Martensson F, Raustorp A, Yuen K, and Wester U (2006). Impact of preschool environment upon children's physical activity and sun exposure, Preventive Medicine, 42, 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.12.006
  6. Chiesura A (2004). The role of urban parks for the sustainable city, Landscape and Urban Planning, 68, 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003
  7. Cohen DA, Ashwood JS, Scott MM et al. (2006). Public parks and physical activity among adolescent girls, Pediatrics, 118, e1381-e1389. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1226
  8. Compton WC (2005). An Introduction to Positive Psychology, Australia ; Belmont, CA, Thomson/Wadsworth.
  9. Epstein LH, Raja S, Gold SS, Paluch RA, Pak Y, and Roemmich JN (2006). Reducing sedentary behavior: The relationship between park area and the physical activity of youth, Psychological Science, 17, 654-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01761.x
  10. Faber Taylor A and Kuo FE (2011). Could exposure to everyday green spaces help treat ADHD? Evidence from children's play settings, Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3, 281-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2011.01052.x
  11. Fredrickson BL (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, American Psychologist, 56, 218.
  12. Funk MJ, Westreich D, Wiesen C, Sturmer T, Brookhart MA, and Davidian M (2011). Doubly robust estimation of causal effects, American Journal of Epidemiology, 173, 761-767. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq439
  13. Gwon GN and Sung MY (2010). The influences of young children's happiness on behavior problems and interpersonal problem solving strategies, Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 19, 257-270. https://doi.org/10.5934/KJHE.2010.19.2.257
  14. Hainmueller J (2012). Entropy balancing for causal effects: A multivariate reweighting method to produce balanced samples in observational studies, Political Analysis, 20, 25-46. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpr025
  15. Hartig T, Mitchell R, De Vries S, and Frumkin H (2014). Nature and health. Annual review of public health, Annual Review of Public Health, 35, 207-228. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443
  16. Hernan MA, Brumback B, and Robins JM (2000). Marginal structural models to estimate the causal effect of zidovudine on the survival of HIV-positive men, Epidemiology, 11, 561-570. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200009000-00012
  17. Ho D, Imai K, King G, and Stuart E (2007). Matching as nonparametric preprocessing for reducing model dependence in parametric causal inference, Political Analysis, 15, 199-236. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpl013
  18. Holland Paul W (1986). Statistics and causal inference, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81, 945-960. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1986.10478354
  19. Houlden V, Weich S, Porto de Albuquerque J, Jarvis S, and Rees K (2018). The relationship between greenspace and the mental wellbeing of adults: A systematic review, PLOS ONE, 13, e0203000.
  20. Iacus SM, King G, and Porro G (2011). Multivariate matching methods that are monotonic imbalance bounding, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 106, 345-361. https://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2011.tm09599
  21. Iacus SM, King G, and Porro G (2012). Causal inference without balance checking: Coarsened exact matching, Political Analysis, 20, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpr013
  22. Imai K and Ratkovic M (2014). Covariate balancing propensity score, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 76, 243-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssb.12027
  23. Imbens GW (2004). Nonparametric estimation of average treatment effects under exogeneity: A review, Review of Economics and Statistics, 86, 4-29. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465304323023651
  24. Kaczynski AT and Henderson KA (2007). Environmental correlates of physical activity: A review of evidence about parks and recreation, Leisure Sciences, 29, 315-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400701394865
  25. Kaczynski AT, Potwarka LR, and Saelens BE (2008). Association of park size, distance, and features with physical activity in neighborhood parks, American Journal of Public Health, 98, 1451-1456. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129064
  26. Kang JD and Schafer JL (2007). Demystifying double robustness: A comparison of alternative strategies for estimating a population mean from incomplete data, Statistical Science, 22, 523-539. https://doi.org/10.1214/07-STS227
  27. Kim D and Jin J (2018). Does happiness data say urban parks are worth it?, Landscape and Urban Planning, 178, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.05.010
  28. Kim J and Kaplan R (2004). Physical and psychological factors in sense of community: New urbanist Kentlands and nearby Orchard village, Environment and Behavior, 36, 313-340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503260236
  29. Kim SB (2011). A study on the influence of ecological factors on children's happiness (Master's thesis), Chongshin University, Seoul.
  30. Korea Real Estate Board (2014). Available from: https://kosis.kr/search/search.do?query=아파트매매
  31. Lee GS (2017). Exploring variables influencing the happiness of young children, Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, 24, 305-324. https://doi.org/10.22155/JFECE.24.1.305.324
  32. Lee KM (2016). Focus group interview for exploring constructive components and valid assessment method of happiness of young children, Journal of Early Childhood Education, 36, 499-514. https://doi.org/10.18023/kjece.2016.36.1.022
  33. Little RJ and Rubin DB (2019). Statistical Analysis with Missing Data, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
  34. Lunceford JK and Davidian M (2004). Stratification and weighting via the propensity score in estimation of causal treatment effects: A comparative study, Statistics in Medicine, 23, 2937-2960. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1903
  35. Martensson F, Boldemann C, Soderstrom M, Blennow M, Englund JE, and Grahn P (2009). Outdoor environ-mental assessment of attention promoting settings for preschool children, Health & Place, 15, 1149-1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.07.002
  36. Ministry of Education (2022). Available from: https://www.law.go.kr/법령/유아교육법
  37. Ministry of the Interior and Safety (2014). Available from: https://jumin.mois.go.kr
  38. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2021). Available from: https://www.law.go.kr/법령/도시공원및녹지등에관한법률
  39. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2022). Available from: https://www.data.go.kr/data/15012890/standard.do
  40. OECD (2014). Education at a Glance 2014: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  41. Park SD (2021). A causal inference approach to the study of the effect of bereavement on mental health (Master's thesis), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul.
  42. PSKC (2014). Available from: https://panel.kicce.re.kr/pskc/index.do
  43. Readdick CA and Schaller GR (2005). Summer camp and self-esteem of school-age inner-city children, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 101, 121-130. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.1.121-130
  44. Robins JM, Rotnitzky A, and Zhao LP (1994). Estimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observed, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 89, 846-866. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1994.10476818
  45. Roemmich JN, Epstein LH, Raja S, Yin L, Robinson J, and Winiewicz D (2006). Association of access to parks and recreational facilities with the physical activity of young children, Preventive Medicine, 43, 437-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.07.007
  46. Rosenbaum PR and Rubin DB (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects, Biometrika, 70, 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
  47. Rosenbaum PR and Rubin DB (1985). Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score, The American Statistician, 39, 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1985.10479383
  48. Rosenbaum PR (1987). Model-based direct adjustment, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 82, 387-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1987.10478441
  49. Rosenbaum PR (2002). Overt bias in observational studies, Observational Studies (pp. 71-104), Springer, New York.
  50. Rosenbaum PR (2004). Design sensitivity in observational studies, Biometrika, 91, 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/91.1.153
  51. Rubin DB (1980). Randomization analysis of experimental data: The Fisher randomization test comment, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 75, 591-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1980.10477517
  52. Rubin DB and Thomas N (2000). Combining propensity score matching with additional adjustments for prognostic covariates, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 95, 573-585. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2000.10474233
  53. Stuart EA (2010). Matching methods for causal inference: A review and a look forward, Statistical Science: A Review Journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 25, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1214/09-STS313
  54. Stuart EA, King G, Imai K, and Ho D (2011). MatchIt: Nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference, Journal of Statistical Software, 42, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v042.i08
  55. Textor J, Van der Zander B, Gilthorpe MS, Liskiewicz M, and Ellison GT (2016). Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: The R-package 'dagitty', International Journal of Epidemiology, 45, 1887-1894. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw341
  56. Visconti G and Zubizarreta JR (2018). Handling limited overlap in observational studies with cardinality matching, Observational Studies, 4, 217-249. https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2018.0012
  57. Wyss R, Ellis AR, Brookhart MA, Girman CJ, Jonsson Funk M, LoCasale R, and Sturmer T (2014). The role of prediction modeling in propensity score estimation: An evaluation of logistic regression, bCART, and the covariate-balancing propensity score, American Journal of Epidemiology, 180, 645-655. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu181
  58. Zubizarreta JR, Paredes RD, and Rosenbaum PR (2014). Matching for balance, pairing for heterogeneity in an observational study of the effectiveness of for-profit and not-for-profit high schools in Chile, The Annals of Applied Statistics, 8, 204-231. https://doi.org/10.1214/13-AOAS713