References
- Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerular Diseases Work Group. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int 2021;100(4S):S1-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.021
- Pettit C, Kanagaratnam R, Coughlan F, Graf N, Hahn D, Durkan A. Kidney biopsy adequacy and complications in children: does technique matter? Eur J Pediatr 2022;181:2677-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-022-04464-1
- Ding JJ, Lin SH, Huang JL, Wu TW, Hsia SH, Lin JJ, et al. Risk factors for complications of percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2020;35:271-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-019-04367-8
- Jang KM, Cho MH. Clinical approach to children with proteinuria. Child Kidney Dis 2017;21:53-60. https://doi.org/10.3339/jkspn.2017.21.2.53
- Antunes VV, Veronese FJ, Morales JV. Diagnostic accuracy of the protein/creatinine ratio in urine samples to estimate 24-h proteinuria in patients with primary glomerulopathies: a longitudinal study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2242-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfm949
- Leung AK, Wong AH, Barg SS. Proteinuria in children: evaluation and differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician 2017;95:248-54.
- Pierce CB, Munoz A, Ng DK, Warady BA, Furth SL, Schwartz GJ. Age-and sex-dependent clinical equations to estimate glomerular filtration rates in children and young adults with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2021;99:948-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.10.047
- Hoste L, Dubourg L, Selistre L, De Souza VC, Ranchin B, Hadj-Aissa A, et al. A new equation to estimate the glomerular filtration rate in children, adolescents and young adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014;29:1082-91. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gft277
- Pottel H, Hoste L, Dubourg L, Ebert N, Schaeffner E, Eriksen BO, et al. An estimated glomerular filtration rate equation for the full age spectrum. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016;31:798-806. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfv454
- Kohler H, Wandel E, Brunck B. Acanthocyturia: a characteristic marker for glomerular bleeding. Kidney Int 1991;40:115-20. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1991.188
- Hamadah AM, Gharaibeh K, Mara KC, Thompson KA, Lieske JC, Said S, et al. Urinalysis for the diagnosis of glomerulonephritis: role of dysmorphic red blood cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018;33:1397-403. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfx274
- Kaku Y, Ohtsuka Y, Komatsu Y, Ohta T, Nagai T, Kaito H, et al. Clinical practice guideline for pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome 2013: general therapy. Clin Exp Nephrol 2015;19:34-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-014-1031-9
- Gupta S, Pepper RJ, Ashman N, Walsh SB. Nephrotic syndrome: oedema formation and its treatment with diuretics. Front Physiol 2019;9:1868.
- Bockenhauer D. Over- or underfill: not all nephrotic states are created equal. Pediatr Nephrol 2013;28:1153-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-013-2435-6
- Polderman N, Cushing M, McFadyen K, Catapang M, Humphreys R, Mammen C, et al. Dietary intakes of children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2021;36:2819-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-021-05055-2
- Momoniat T, Ilyas D, Bhandari S. ACE inhibitors and ARBs: managing potassium and renal function. Cleve Clin J Med 2019;86:601-7. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.86a.18024
- Toblli JE, Bevione P, Di Gennaro F, Madalena L, Cao G, Angerosa M. Understanding the mechanisms of proteinuria: therapeutic implications. Int J Nephrol 2012;2012:546039.
- Schmidt M, Mansfield KE, Bhaskaran K, Nitsch D, Sorensen HT, Smeeth L, et al. Serum creatinine elevation after renin-angiotensin system blockade and long term cardiorenal risks: cohort study. BMJ 2017;356:j791.
- Stotter BR, Ferguson MA. Should ACE inhibitors and ARBs be used in combination in children? Pediatr Nephrol 2019;34:1521-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4046-8
- Bomback AS, Kshirsagar AV, Amamoo MA, Klemmer PJ. Change in proteinuria after adding aldosterone blockers to ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in CKD: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 2008;51:199-211. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.10.040
- Zhang Z, Wu P, Zhang J, Wang S, Zhang G. The effect of statins on microalbuminuria, proteinuria, progression of kidney function, and all-cause mortality in patients with non-end stage chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2016;105:74-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.005
- Chapter 4: Pharmacological cholesterol-lowering treatment in children. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2013;3:282-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/kisup.2013.36
- Sunil B, Foster C, Wilson DP, Ashraf AP. Novel therapeutic targets and agents for pediatric dyslipidemia. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2021;12:204201882110583.
- Phan BA, Dayspring TD, Toth PP. Ezetimibe therapy: mechanism of action and clinical update. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2012;8:415-27.
- Katzmann JL, Gouni-Berthold I, Laufs U. PCSK9 inhibition: insights from clinical trials and future prospects. Front Physiol 2020;11:595819.
- Lin R, McDonald G, Jolly T, Batten A, Chacko B. A systematic review of prophylactic anticoagulation in nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int Rep 2019;5:435-47.
- Kerlin BA, Haworth K, Smoyer WE. Venous thromboembolism in pediatric nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2014;29:989-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-013-2525-5
- Andolino TP, Reid-Adam J. Nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Rev 2015;36:117-26. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.36-3-117
- Park SJ, Shin JI. Complications of nephrotic syndrome. Korean J Pediatr 2011;54:322-8. https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2011.54.8.322
- Leonard MB, Feldman HI, Shults J, Zemel BS, Foster BJ, Stallings VA. Long-term, high-dose glucocorticoids and bone mineral content in childhood glucocorticoid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2004;351:868-75. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040367
- Mauras N. Growth hormone therapy in the glucocorticosteroid-dependent child: metabolic and linear growth effects. Horm Res 2001;56 Suppl 1:13-8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000048128
- Sampathkumar K, Ramalingam R, Prabakar A, Abraham A. Acute interstitial nephritis due to proton pump inhibitors. Indian J Nephrol 2013;23:304-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-4065.114487
- Li Y, Xiong M, Yang M, Wang L, Nie S, Liu D, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in children. Ann Transl Med 2020;8:1438.
- Ueda N, Kuno K, Ito S. Eight and 12 week courses of cyclophosphamide in nephrotic syndrome. Arch Dis Child 1990;65:1147-50. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.65.10.1147
- Sinha A, Bagga A. Rituximab therapy in nephrotic syndrome: implications for patients' management. Nat Rev Nephrol 2013;9:154-69. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2012.289
- Labrosse R, Barmettler S, Derfalvi B, Blincoe A, Cros G, Lacombe-Barrios J, et al. Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and infection risk in pediatric patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021;148:523-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.041
- Uauy RD, Hogg RJ, Brewer ED, Reisch JS, Cunningham C, Holliday MA. Dietary protein and growth in infants with chronic renal insufficiency: a report from the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group and the University of California, San Francisco. Pediatr Nephrol 1994;8:45-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00868260
- Wingen AM, Fabian-Bach C, Schaefer F, Mehls O. Randomised multicentre study of a low-protein diet on the progression of chronic renal failure in children. European Study Group of Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. Lancet 1997;349:1117-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09260-4
- Shaw V, Polderman N, Renken-Terhaerdt J, Paglialonga F, Oosterveld M, Tuokkola J, et al. Energy and protein requirements for children with CKD stages 2-5 and on dialysis-clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce. Pediatr Nephrol 2020;35:519-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-019-04426-0