Journal of Nutrition and Health

  • 제56권6호
  • /
  • Pages.655-666
  • /
  • 2023
  • /
  • 2288-3886(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2288-3959(eISSN)
한국영양학회 (The Korean Nutrition Society)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Efficacy of the combined supplementation of choline and docosahexaenoic acid during gestation on developmental outcomes of rat pups

  • 투고 : 2023.06.25
  • 심사 : 2023.09.22
  • 발행 : 2023.12.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Purpose: Gestational nutrition has an impact on the growth and development of the fetus. Choline (C) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important and essential nutrients for humans that play a role in the structural integrity of the membranes as well as signalling. C is used in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, and cell membranes are highly enriched with DHA. The dietary intake of C or DHA during pregnancy directly influences fetal development. Currently, there is no evidence to prove the effectiveness of the combined dietary supplementation of both C and DHA during gestation on developmental outcomes in the offspring. Methods: The current study was designed to assess the physical, sensory, and motor development of rat pups born to mothers supplemented with C and/or DHA during the entire gestational period. Pregnant rat dams were divided into the following five groups: Normal control (NC), Saline control (SC), Choline (C), DHA, and Choline+DHA (C+DHA). The NC dams did not receive any supplementation during the entire gestation period. The experimental groups were supplemented with Saline, C, and/or DHA, respectively, during the entire gestation (E0 to delivery). Results: Rat pups (n = 6/group) exposed to combined C and DHA showed significant improvement in birth weight, fur development, eye-opening as well as weight gain on the 7th, 14th, and 21st postnatal day and pinnae detachment (assessed from birth to postnatal day 21) when compared with age-matched NC, SC or C or DHA pups. Further, significant reflex responses were observed in visual placing and bar holding of pups exposed to both C and DHA, whereas the differences in surface righting, negative geotaxis, and grasping reflexes were not significant between the groups. Conclusion: Gestational supplementation of both C and DHA rather than either of them alone is better in enhancing developmental outcomes in rat pups.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Thomas RH, Bhat KM, Gopalkrishnan SK, Jetti R, Thangarajan R, Indujaa M, et al. Neurocognitive developmental outcomes in early adolescent rats prenatally exposed to choline and docosahexaenoic acid. J Clin Diagn Res 2018; 12(1): KC01-KC05. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2018/29563.11038
  2. Kriengwatana B, Farrell TM, Aitken SD, Garcia L, MacDougall-Shackleton SA. Early-life nutritional stress affects associative learning and spatial memory but not performance on a novel object test. Behaviour 2015; 152(2): 195-218. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003239
  3. Bhutta ZA, Darmstadt GL, Hasan BS, Haws RA. Community-based interventions for improving perinatal and neonatal health outcomes in developing countries: a review of the evidence. Pediatrics 2005; 115(2 Suppl): 519-617. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-1441
  4. Jaddoe VW. Fetal nutritional origins of adult diseases: challenges for epidemiological research. Eur J Epidemiol 2008; 23(12): 767-771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-008-9304-9
  5. Mhillaj E, Morgese MG, Trabace L. Early life and oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: what can we learn from animal models? Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21(11): 1396-1403. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612821666150105122422
  6. Zeisel SH, Niculescu MD. Perinatal choline influences brain structure and function. Nutr Rev 2006; 64(4): 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1301/nr.2006.janr.197-203
  7. Rogers LK, Valentine CJ, Keim SA. DHA supplementation: current implications in pregnancy and childhood. Pharmacol Res 2013; 70(1): 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2012.12.003
  8. Thomas Rajarethnem H, Megur Ramakrishna Bhat K, Jc M, Kumar Gopalkrishnan S, Mugundhu Gopalram RB, Rai KS, et al.. Combined supplementation of choline and docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy enhances neurodevelopment of fetal hippocampus. Neurol Res Int 2017: 2017: 8748706. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8748706
  9. Soujanya M, Reddy PR, Reddy PS Perinatal exposure of biochanin-A induced abnormalities in offspring of rats. J Infertil Reprod Biol 2014; 2(4): 115-123.
  10. Kvarik T, Mammel B, Reglodi D, Antonelli MC, Farkas J, Tamas A, et al. Effects of maternal stress during different periods of pregnancy on the early neurobehavioral response of rats. J Neurol Neurosci 2016; 7(2): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.100080
  11. Zeisel SH, Blusztajn JK. Choline and human nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr 1994; 14(1): 269-296. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.14.070194.001413
  12. Meck WH, Williams CL, Cermak JM, Blusztajn JK. Developmental periods of choline sensitivity provide an ontogenetic mechanism for regulating memory capacity and age-related dementia. Front Integr Nuerosci 2008; 1: 7.
  13. Cansev M. Synaptogenesis: Modulation by availability of membrane phospholipid precursors. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18(3): 426-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-016-8414-x
  14. Rudy JW, Stadler-Morris S, Albert P. Ontogeny of spatial navigation behaviors in the rat: dissociation of "proximal"- and "distal"-cue-based behaviors. Behav Neurosci 1987; 101(1): 62-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.101.1.62
  15. Calder PC. The relationship between the fatty acid composition of immune cells and their function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 79(3-5): 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.016
  16. Crawford MA, Doyle W, Drury P, Lennon A, Costeloe K, Leighfield M. n-6 and n-3 fatty acids during early human development. J Intern Med Suppl 1989; 731: 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.1989.tb01450.x
  17. Carlson SE. Docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in infant development. Semin Neonatol 2001; 6(5): 437-449. https://doi.org/10.1053/siny.2001.0093
  18. Innis SM. Essential fatty acid transfer and fetal development. Placenta 2005; 26 Suppl A: S70-S75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2005.01.005
  19. Innis SM, de La Presa Owens S. Dietary fatty acid composition in pregnancy alters neurite membrane fatty acids and dopamine in newborn rat brain. J Nutr 2001; 131(1): 118-122. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.1.118
  20. McNamara RK, Carlson SE. Role of omega-3 fatty acids in brain development and function: potential implications for the pathogenesis and prevention of psychopathology. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006; 75(4-5): 329-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2006.07.010
  21. Carlson SE. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(2): 678S-684S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26811E
  22. Ramirez RL, Spear LP. Ontogeny of ethanol-induced motor impairment following acute ethanol: assessment via the negative geotaxis reflex in adolescent and adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 95(2): 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2010.01.013
  23. Secher T, Novitskaia V, Berezin V, Bock E, Glenthoj B, Klementiev B. A neural cell adhesion moleculederived fibroblast growth factor receptor agonist, the FGL-peptide, promotes early postnatal sensorimotor development and enhances social memory retention. Neuroscience 2006; 141(3): 1289-1299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.059
  24. Motz BA, Alberts JR. The validity and utility of geotaxis in young rodents. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005; 27(4): 529-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2005.06.005
  25. Palmer AC. Introduction to animal neurology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1976.
  26. Futagi Y, Toribe Y, Suzuki Y. The grasp reflex and moro reflex in infants: hierarchy of primitive reflex responses. Int J Pediatr 2012; 2012: 191562.
  27. Sweiry JH, Yudilevich DL. Characterization of choline transport at maternal and fetal interfaces of the perfused guinea-pig placenta. J Physiol 1985; 366(1): 251-266. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015795
  28. Wang Y, Surzenko N, Friday WB, Zeisel SH. Maternal dietary intake of choline in mice regulates development of the cerebral cortex in the offspring. FASEB J 2016; 30(4): 1566-1578. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.15-282426
  29. Sibilia M, Steinbach JP, Stingl L, Aguzzi A, Wagner EF. A strain-independent postnatal neurodegeneration in mice lacking the EGF receptor. EMBO J 1998; 17(3): 719-731. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/17.3.719
  30. Bakker EC, Hornstra G, Blanco CE, Vles JS. Relationship between long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids at birth and motor function at 7 years of age. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63(4): 499-504. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602971
  31. Krabbendam L, Bakker E, Hornstra G, van Os J. Relationship between DHA status at birth and child problem behaviour at 7 years of age. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007; 76(1): 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2006.09.004
  32. Dunstan JA, Mitoulas LR, Dixon G, Doherty DA, Hartmann PE, Simmer K, et al. The effects of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on breast milk fatty acid composition over the course of lactation: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Res 2007; 62(6): 689-694. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e318159a93a
  33. Morse NL. Benefits of docosahexaenoic acid, folic acid, vitamin D and iodine on foetal and infant brain development and function following maternal supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. Nutrients 2012; 4(7): 799-840. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4070799
  34. Alessandri JM, Guesnet P, Vancassel S, Astorg P, Denis I, Langelier B, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the central nervous system: evolution of concepts and nutritional implications throughout life. Reprod Nutr Dev 2004; 44(6): 509-538. https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:2004063
  35. Treen M, Uauy RD, Jameson DM, Thomas VL, Hoffman DR. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on membrane fluidity and function in intact cultured Y-79 retinoblastoma cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 294(2): 564-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(92)90726-D
  36. da Costa KA, Rai KS, Craciunescu CN, Parikh K, Mehedint MG, Sanders LM, et al. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplementation modulates hippocampal development in the Pemt-/- mouse. J Biol Chem 2010; 285(2): 1008-1015. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.017137
  37. Ridgway ND, Vance DE. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase from rat liver. Methods Enzymol 1992; 209: 366-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(92)09045-5