The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business

Korea Distribution Science Association (한국유통과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Relationships Among Owner-Manager Characteristics, E-commerce Adoption and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia

  • KOE, Wei-Loon (Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Melaka) ;
  • WULANDARI, Ririn (Management Department, Universitas Mercu Buana)
  • Received : 2022.10.10
  • Accepted : 2023.01.15
  • Published : 2023.01.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study examined the relationships among owner-manager characteristics, e-commerce adoption, and performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. Although the growth of e-commerce was encouraging in many countries, studies of e-commerce adoption among SMEs in developing countries such as Malaysia are insufficient. Furthermore, studies that investigated individual characteristics and e-commerce adoption are still low in number. This study specifically employed the technology-organization-environmental (TOE) framework to develop its research model. The sample was selected by using a non-probability judgmental sampling technique because the desired population frame was unavailable. A total of 111 owner-managers of SMEs were surveyed using online self-administered questionnaires. Subsequently, the data was analyzed through partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results revealed significant relationships between owner-manager characteristics and e-commerce adoption, as well as between e-commerce adoption and the performance of SMEs. The findings suggested that owner-manager characteristics played an important role in determining e-commerce adoption among SMEs. Moreover, e-commerce adoption was crucial in affecting the performance of SMEs. This paper provided new insights into factors affecting e-commerce adoption and firm performance. It could further benefit the government and SMEs in strategizing e-commerce adoption and development, especially in the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) and the post-COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords

1. Introduction

The performance of e-commerce in Malaysia was rather encouraging in recent years. The Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM) (2021) revealed that e-commerce income in 2020 recorded an increase of 32.7% to RM896.4 billion as compared to 2019. The e-commerce income in 2019 was RM675.4 billion, while the e-commerce expenditure was RM301.5 billion. Thus, it is undoubtedly that the e-commerce sector in Malaysia has great potential to grow due to various online services offered by businesses and the increase in Internet usage, computers, and web presence.

For years, the Malaysian government has implemented various initiatives to encourage small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to engage in e-commerce. For example, the Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC), an agency under the Ministry of Communication and Multimedia Malaysia, has established an online platform known as Go-eCommerce to guide and assist SMEs and micro-entrepreneurs in using e-commerce for their businesses (MDEC, 2019). In addition, National E-commerce Strategic Roadmap 2.0 (NeSR 2.0) has been implemented to accelerate the adoption of e-commerce by businesses and support the growth of the e-commerce market in the country. Furthermore, the Malaysia Digital Economy Blueprint was also introduced in 2021 to spell-out efforts in realizing the aspiration of MyDIGITAL, an initiative that aims to transform Malaysia into a digitally-driven and high-income nation.

Apart from the encouragement from the Malaysian government, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has also forced many SMEs to change their business operations model from brick-and-mortar to online. It happened because of a change in consumers’ needs and desires from offline transactions to online transactions as a preventive action for COVID-19 infection. It is believed that consumers will continue to utilize e-commerce in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era. The potential of continuous growth of e-commerce in Malaysia will provide many new opportunities to SME operators. However, studies of e-commerce adoption among SMEs in developing countries are insufficient (Nazir & Zhu, 2018). Therefore, further investigations on e-commerce are required in Malaysia to evaluate the achievements of governmental initiatives and to have a better understanding of the performance of SMEs adopting e-commerce.

The relationship between the use of digital technology and business performance has been investigated by many researchers. For instance, Ibrahim et al. (2019) found that e-commerce adoption in business increased business continuity, sales, and profitability. In addition, it also affects SMEs’ business strategies (Aizstrauta et al., 2015) and financial performance (Sombultawee, 2020). On the contrary, Thompson et al. (2013) asserted that e-commerce adoption did not always improve performance. Furthermore, Ahmad et al. (2019) argued that the adoption of social media does not affect the performance of MSMEs in the UAE. The contradicting results obtained by previous researchers marked the urgency to further scrutinize the relationship between e-commerce adoption and business performance.

In the context of Malaysia, the adoption of e-commerce among SMEs has been investigated by many researchers, for example, Koe and Sakir (2020), Yusoff et al. (2021), Perumal et al. (2021), Shanmugam et al. (2022), just to name a few. The previous studies have undoubtedly provided many new insights regarding factors influencing e-commerce adoption; however, research into a specific factor, such as owner-manager’s characteristics, is still low in number. Furthermore, there is a lack of investigation into what happened after firms adopted e-commerce. Questions such as would owner-managers characteristics affect the adoption of e-commerce and would the performance of SMEs increases after e-commerce adoption remained unanswered. As such, this study aimed to investigate the relationship among owner-manager characteristics, e-commerce adoption, and the performance of SMEs.

2. Literature Review

2.1. E-commerce

Online stores are expected to record a 385% increase in sales this decade; however, knowing the fundamentals of e-commerce is crucial (DeMatas, 2021). Among the general e-commerce, classifications are such as business-to-business e-commerce (B2B), business-to-consumer e-commerce (B2C), consumer-to-consumer e-commerce (C2C), consumer-to-business e-commerce (C2B) and government or public administration e-commerce (DeMatas, 2021). As DeMatas (2021) described, B2B refers to e-commerce which provides products from one business to another business; B2C is the online business that sells to individuals; C2C allows consumers to trade, sell and buy for commission; C2B happens when consumer sells products to business; while government e-commerce involves government performing transactions with businesses or individuals.

It is widely known that e-commerce could provide various benefits to businesses. Indeed, the business transacting process is quick and simple on the web, a great variety of products can be stored on it, it offers unlimited operations hours, it is easy to share information, and it allows access to a worldwide market, to name a few (Patel, 2017). Furthermore, Leu and Masri (2021) pointed out that digital business was crucial in achieving sustainable success and operational excellence. Knowing the tremendous benefits brought by e-commerce, the Malaysian government has implemented a series of strategies or initiatives to boost e-commerce development in the country. For example, the establishment of a Go-eCommerce platform, the introduction of National E-commerce Strategic Roadmap 2.0 (NeSR 2.0), and the Malaysia Digital Economy Blueprint. As such, it is time to evaluate the achievements of those initiatives, especially their adoption among SMEs in Malaysia. Moreover, e-commerce has also become a common way of doing business due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Many traditional businesses have shifted to e-business, and consumers have changed their buying platforms to online. As such, examining the performance of the business after e-commerce adoption is deemed viable.

2.2. Theoretical Foundation

Previous studies have employed various theories or models in investigating e-commerce adoption. Among them were as Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), Diffusion of Innovation Model (DOI), Technology-Organization-Environmental Framework (TOE), etc.

Most studies have employed models such as TOE and DOI; whereby both models focused on the organization, and the individuals involved, to explain the adoption of technology by people and organizations (Ahmad et al., 2019). However, the TOE framework was formulated to determine the influence of contextual factors in predicting the possibilities of innovation adoption (Rahayu & Day, 2015; Awa et al., 2015). There are three factors, namely technology, organization, and external task environment that influence the adoption of innovations or technologies in firms.

Previous scholars such as Aswar et al. (2021), Deng et al. (2019), and Lekmat (2018) have employed TOE in their studies. Meanwhile, Nazir and Zhu (2018) extended TOE to include individual factors. Ahmad et al. (2015) pointed out that studies of the influence of organizational context on e-commerce adoption have yielded different results. Therefore, it is truly a construct which worth further investigation. Following Nazir and Zhu (2018), this paper focused on individual factors of organizational context in TOE.

2.3. Individual Factor and E-commerce Adoption

According to Ahmad et al. (2015), elements of organizational context include e-commerce knowledge and management attitude. They further confirmed that ownermanagers e-commerce knowledge and management attitude towards e-commerce positively and significantly related to e-commerce adoption in Malaysia. Meanwhile, Lekmat (2018) explained organizational context as organizational competence and top management commitment and support. They further found that these two elements promoted e-commerce adoption among SMEs. Similarly, Deng et al. (2020) identified that top management support was critical for the adoption of e-markets among SMEs in Australia.

From the organization-level perspective, the knowledge management process was significantly related to the adoption of e-commerce (Nasution et al., 2021). Specifically, Nasution et al. (2021) found a positive and significant relationship between knowledge management and e-commerce adoption; it was possibly due to the respondents who graduated with bachelor’s and master’s degrees. Therefore, there is a need to scrutinize the factors of e-commerce adoption from the individual level, such as individual awareness and knowledge.

The individual factor of SMEs is normally related to the owner-managers’ characteristics. Nazir and Zhu (2018) included individual factor in their model and found that it has greater influence than technological and environmental factors in affecting SMEs’ adoption of e-commerce. Furthermore, they pointed out that owner-manager characteristics influenced e-commerce adoption. Some interesting results were obtained by Govinnage and Sachitra (2019); in which they found that computer literacy significantly influenced e-commerce adoption, but perceived benefits were not an important factor. Undoubtedly, existing works of literature have successfully explored the relationship between ownermanager characteristics of SMEs and innovation creation and adoption; however, such a relationship required further empirical examination because it could help to discover the innovation process in SMEs (Daneji et al., 2019).

In addition, individual expectations, such as performance expectancy and effort expectancy, significantly influenced e-commerce adoption (Sombultawee, 2020). Singh and Kalia (2020) mentioned that owners-managers of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) perceived e-marketing as an important element in their business success. Furthermore, they believed that e-marketing activities such as displaying advertising, social media marketing, and mobile marketing increase their business effectiveness.

2.4. E-commerce Adoption and Performance of SMEs

E-commerce should not be treated as merely an online mechanism for selling products and services because it facilitates consumers in the purchasing process and further increases sales turnover (Octavia et al., 2020). True, their results confirmed that e-commerce adoption significantly affected the business performance of SMEs. They further recommended that SMEs should apply e-commerce in their business to improve their business performance. Furthermore, effective utilization of Internet technology is crucial. As an example, Cao and Yang (2016) suggested that Chinese tourism websites should use the Internet to its full potential to improve their performance; for instance, by adding more online features, adopting e-commerce fully, and enhancing customer relationship management (CRM) services.

The adoption of e-commerce could bring positive implications. Odoom et al. (2017) suggested that the performance of SMEs could be measured through financial and non-financial performance. They further pointed out that the adoption of e-commerce affected the performance of SMEs. Similarly, Fuller et al. (2022) surveyed 500 internet retailers and found that early adopters of e-commerce capabilities obtained higher online sales and a greater number of monthly visitors. In addition, various researchers have also unanimously found that e-commerce enhanced business performance (Sriayudha et al., 2020; Lekmat, 2018), improved business continuity, sales, and profitability (Ibrahim et al., 2019), enhanced business strategies (Aizstrauta et al., 2015) and, increased market share, competitiveness and profitability (Ibrahim et al., 2019; Soegoto & Utomo, 2019; Lim et al., 2018).

Although many previous studies supported that e-commerce adoption affected firm performance, some interesting results were obtained by some other researchers. For instance, Priambodo et al. (2021) concluded that e-commerce capabilities did not significantly influence the e-commerce performance of firms in the creative industry. Meanwhile, Sombultawee (2020) found that e-commerce adoption recorded a relatively low effect on form performance. In addition, Macchion et al. (2017) found that the adoption of e-commerce improved a firm’s innovation performance, but it was not significantly associated with operational and business performance. Ahmad et al. (2019) further argued that the adoption of social media did not affect the performance of MSMEs in the UA. Due to the contradicting findings obtained by previous scholars, the relationship between e-commerce adoption and firm performance indeed requires further investigation.

2.5. Research Framework and Hypotheses Development

Based on the discussions in the previous sections, individual factors, specifically owner-manager characteristics influenced e-commerce adoption, and eventually, it affected the performance of SMEs. Therefore, the following research model was suggested (Figure 1), and the following hypotheses were suggested to guide the study:

H1: Owner-manager’s characteristics positively influence e-commerce adoption.

H2: E-commerce adoption positively influences the performance of SMEs.

OTGHEU_2023_v10n1_101_f0001.png 이미지

Figure 1: Research Model

3. Research Methods

This study adopted a quantitative research method. Specifically, a questionnaire survey was employed for several reasons. First, the quantitative method was based on the philosophy of positivism and was used to study a specific population or sample. Second, the survey was deemed appropriate for collecting the desired data because all variables were measurable quantitatively. Third, a survey was suitable for reaching a great number of respondents. Fourth, a survey could be conducted in a non-contrived setting and requires very minimal interference from the researcher. The units of analysis were owner-managers of SMEs because they were responsible for the day-to-day operations of firms. The time horizon was cross-sectional in which data was collected once.

The population consisted of SMEs from various types of businesses that have adopted e-commerce in Malaysia. Since the population frame was unavailable and the exact population size was unknown, the sample was selected through a non-probability sampling technique. In particular, judgmental sampling was used. Judgmental sampling involved selecting the subjects who were considered the best in providing the data (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). The data were collected from 111 owner-managers of SMEs in Malaysia.

An online self-administered questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. A self-administered questionnaire was suitable because data could be collected within a short period (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). Since the data collection was performed during the COVID-19 pandemic period, all questionnaires were distributed and collected via an online platform to prevent human contact. All items in the questionnaire were adapted and slightly modified from previous studies to ensure reliability and validity. There were five items for owner-manager characteristics (Abdilahi et al., 2017), ten items for e-commerce adoption (Awa et al., 2015), and four items for the performance of SMEs (Li et al., 2009). All items used a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree.

The data analysis technique was partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). SEM is the second generation of multivariate analysis technique which allows analysis of the relationship between complex variables, both recursive and non-recursive (Ghozali, 2012). Especially, the software Smart-PLS 3.0 was used to perform the analysis. Data were screened and cleaned before statistical analysis. Subsequently, descriptive and inferential analyses were performed.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Respondents’ Background

In terms of the forms of business registration, 39 (35.14%) SMEs were sole proprietorship businesses, followed by a partnership (f = 38; 34.23%) and private limited company (f = 34; 30.63%). As for size and number of full-time employees hired, a vast majority of SMEs were small-size enterprises with five to 74 full-time employees (f = 73; 65.77%), while 38 SMEs (34.23%) were categorized as micro-enterprises that hired four or less full-time employees. In addition, the largest number of types of business was service (f = 74; 67.67%), followed by manufacturing (f = 30; 27.03%) and others such as plantation, agriculture, fishery, etc. (f = 7; 6.31%).

4.2. Measurement Model Assessment

Three main assessment criteria were used in assessing the measurement model, namely internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Table 1 depicts factor loadings, Cronbach’s alpha (α), composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE), which were used to examine indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability, and convergent validity. Although Hair et al. (2014) mentioned that researchers should retain outer loadings greater than 0.708; Hulland (1999) suggested that loading values of at least 0.40 are acceptable if the AVE is greater than 0.50. Therefore, four items (EA 5 to EA 8) in e-commerce adoption with low loading values (<0.40) were deleted, while all items in the owner-managers characteristics and performance of SMEs were retained. In addition, all α values were deemed satisfactory because they were greater than 0.70. As for CR and AVE, they were regarded acceptable because all CR values were between 0.70 and 0.90 and all AVE values passed the threshold of 0.50 (Hair et al., 2014). Thus, the results indicated that internal consistency reliability, indicator reliability, and convergent validity existed in this study.

Table 1: Item Loadings

OTGHEU_2023_v10n1_101_t0001.png 이미지

Meanwhile, three criteria, namely Fornell and Larcker’s criterion (Table 2), cross-loading criterion (Table 3), and Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio of correlations (HTMT) (Table 4), were employed in determining discriminant validity. First, square roots of AVEs (diagonal) were greater than correlations (off-diagonal) of all constructs (Table 2). Next, all indicators on the assigned constructs recorded loadings that were higher than the loadings of all other constructs (Table 3). Lastly, all HTMT values were well below HTMT0.85 value of 0.85 (Table 4). Since all three criteria were met, thus discriminant validity was achieved. The findings further indicated that the measurement model was reliable and valid, and could proceed to structural model assessment.

Table 2: Fornell and Larcker’s Criterion

OTGHEU_2023_v10n1_101_t0002.png 이미지

Table 3: Crossed Loadings

OTGHEU_2023_v10n1_101_t0003.png 이미지

Table 4: HTMT Values

OTGHEU_2023_v10n1_101_t0004.png 이미지

4.3. Structural Model Assessment

In assessing the structural model, it is crucial to ensure that lateral collinearity issue does not exist. Table 5 presents the inner variance inflation factor (VIF) values. Since VIF values were well below the threshold of 5.0, lateral multicollinearity was not an issue in this study (Hair et al., 2014).

Table 5: Lateral Collinearity Assessment

OTGHEU_2023_v10n1_101_t0005.png 이미지

Figure 2 illustrates the structural model of this study. There were two direct hypotheses developed. Specifically, bootstrapping was performed to compute t-statistics for the significance of all paths. The results of the hypotheses testing are summarized in Table 6. The results indicated that all relationships obtained t-values greater than 2.33, therefore they were significant at 0.010 level of significance. Specifically, owner-manager characteristics (β = 0.666; p < 0.01) positively influenced e-commerce adoption and, it explained 44.3% (R2 = 0.443) variance of e-commerce adoption. The f2 = 0.796 indicated that the owner-manager’s characteristics had a large effect on producing R2 for e-commerce adoption. Meanwhile, e-commerce adoption (β = 0.292; p < 0.01) influenced the performance of SMEs positively and it explained the 8.5% (R2 = 0.085) variance of the performance of SMEs. However, the small f2 value (0.093) showed that e-commerce adoption had a small effect in producing R2 for the performance of SMEs. As Q2 values for both e-commerce adoption (Q2 = 0.199) and performance of SMEs (Q2 = 0.041) were above zero; they showed that the model had sufficient predictive relevance.

OTGHEU_2023_v10n1_101_f0002.png 이미지

Figure 2: Structural Model

Table 6: Hypotheses Testing

OTGHEU_2023_v10n1_101_t0006.png 이미지

**p < 0.01.

4.4. Discussion

Based on the analyses, all two hypotheses (H1 and H2) were supported. Particularly, individual factors in organizations, such as owner-manager’s characteristics which include their knowledge, expertise, and support affected the adoption of new technology and innovation, such as e-commerce. The finding was similar to Nazir and Zhu (2018), Govinnage and Sachitra (2019), Daneji et al. (2019), Koe and Sakir (2020), and Nasution et al. (2021). As most of the respondents in this study were owner-managers of micro- and small-sized enterprises, they were the main persons who made most of the core decisions in business. Their characteristics directly affected the decision on e-commerce adoption. The decision-making process in SMEs is normally concentrated on owner-managers because SMEs possess scarce resources, have flatter organizational structures, and are less bureaucratic. Furthermore, SMEs need to adopt new technology and innovation to compete with their rivals due to their stiff competitive business landscape. Therefore, decisions pertaining to technology adoption need to be made quickly and sometimes without complete information. Thus, it is not surprising that owner-managers characteristics play a significant role in affecting e-commerce adoption.

In addition, the adoption of e-commerce was found to positively influence the performance of SMEs. The result supported previous studies such as Odoom et al. (2017), Aizstrauta et al. (2015), Lekmat (2018), Ibrahim et al. (2019), Sriayudha et al. (2020), Fuller et al. (2022), etc. The development of Web and Internet technology has brought various changes to today’s business world. The changes are mainly positive and could enhance the operations of the business. For instance, doing business online, cashless and instance transactions, and real-time feedback are some of the new practices that could transform SMEs to be more effective and efficient. In addition, it is important to note that adopting e-commerce is just one of the new ways of doing business in the Industry Revolution (IR) 4.0 and post-COVID-19 era. Using e-commerce is not just a trend for business but a must for business survival. As current consumers are becoming more Internet savvy than before, moving towards e-commerce is a must-do for SMEs to continue serving existing consumers and attract new ones. However, it is important to note that many other factors determine the performance of SMEs, and SMEs should pay equal attention to those factors.

5. Conclusion

This study aimed to determine the influence of owner-manager characteristics on e-commerce adoption and the effect of such adoption on the performance of SMEs. It could be concluded that owner-managers characteristics positively influenced e-commerce adoption. Moreover, the performance of SMEs was influenced by e-commerce adoption positively. It is recommended that ownermanagers of SMEs should be given sufficient information or knowledge about e-commerce so that they understand the importance of e-commerce adoption. Furthermore, SMEs should also be encouraged to adopt e-commerce in their business to increase their performance from various aspects. Government agencies play a crucial role in imparting e-commerce-related information and supporting e-commerce adoption. Specifically, efforts such as providing training to owner-manages and incentives to SMEs are required. In addition, trade associations can also help to promote e-commerce adoption.

This study was significant because it illustrated relationships among owner-manager characteristics, e-commerce adoption, and firm performance. Specifically, it provided information on factors that influence the adoption of e-commerce among SMEs to suit the changes in consumers’ needs for online purchases. In addition, it also highlighted the importance of e-commerce adoption on the performance of SMEs. This study provided benefits to various business practitioners by pinpointing the important factors to be considered in strategizing e-commerce exercise, especially in the era of IR 4.0 which focuses on Web applications and the use of the Internet in business. This study is also useful to policymakers in designing strategies for e-commerce development and adoption in the country. Specifically, the government could identify important factors affecting e-commerce adoption and further establish supportive policies to enable a greater e-commerce adoption rate among SMEs in the country.

References

  1. Abdilahi, M. H., Hassan, A. A., & Muhumed, M. M. (2017). The impact of innovation on small and medium enterprises performance: Empirical evidence from Hargeisa, Somaliland. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(8), 14-28. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i8/3202
  2. Ahmad, S. Z., Bakar, A. R. A., & Ahmad, N. (2019). Social media adoption and its impact on firm performance: The case of the UAE. Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(1), 84-111. http://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2017-0299
  3. Ahmad, S. Z., Abu Bakar, A. R., Faziharudean, T. M., & Mohamad Zaki, K. A. (2015). An empirical study of factors affecting e-commerce adoption among small- and medium-sized enterprises in a developing country: Evidence from Malaysia. Information Technology for Development, 21(4), 555-572. http://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2014.899961
  4. Aizstrauta, D., Ginters, E., & Eroles, M. P. (2015). Applying the theory of diffusion of innovations to evaluate technology acceptance and sustainability. Procedia Computer Science, 43, 69-77. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.12.010
  5. Aswar, K., Ermawati, W., Wiguna, M., & Hariyani, E. (2021). Determinants for the adoption of electronic commerce by small and medium-sized enterprises: An empirical study in Indonesia. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(7), 333-339. http://doi.org/doi:10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no7.0333
  6. Awa, H. O., Baridam, D. M., & Nwibere, B. M. (2015). Demographic determinants of electronic commerce (EC) adoption by SMEs: A twist by location factors. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(3), 326-345. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM10-2013-0073
  7. Cao, K., & Yang, Z. (2016). A study of e-commerce adoption by tourism websites in China. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 5(3), 283-289. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.01.005
  8. Daneji, A. A., Shavarebi, K., & Yap, J. B. H. (2019). Owner-manager characteristics influence on the SMEs innovation orientation of SMEs: A literature exploration. International Journal of Innovation and Industrial Revolution, 1(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.35631/IJIREV.12001
  9. DeMatas, D. (2021). 10 Types of e-commerce business models that work right now. Ecommerce CEO. https://www.ecommerceceo.com/types-of-ecommerce-business-models/
  10. Deng, H., Duan, S. X., & Luo, F. (2019). Critical determinants for electronic market adoption: Evidence from Australian small- and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 33(2), 335-352. http://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-04-2019-0106
  11. Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM). (2021). Income of e-commerce: Transactions surged 30.0 percent in the first quarter of 2021. http://www.dosm.gov.my
  12. Fuller, R. M., Harding, M. K., Luna, L., & Summers, J. D. (2022). The impact of e-commerce capabilities on online retailer performance: Examining the role of timing of adoption. Information and Management, 59(2), 103584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2021.103584
  13. Ghozali. (2012). Multivariate analysis application with IBM SPSS program. Diponegoro: Universitas Diponegoro.
  14. Govinnage, D. Y., & Sachitra, K. M. V. (2019). Factors affecting e-commerce adoption of small and medium enterprises in Sri Lanka: Evidence from the retail sector. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 6(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2019/v6i230147
  15. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & G. Kuppelwieser, V. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
  16. Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least square (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2<195::AID-SMJ13>3.0.CO;2-7
  17. Ibrahim, W., Turyakira, P., & Katumba, P. M. (2019). E-commerce adoption and growth of SMEs in Uganda. International Journal of Business and Management, 14(1), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n1p46
  18. Koe, W. L., & Sakir, N. A. (2020). The motivation to adopt e-commerce among Malaysian entrepreneurs. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 11(1), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.15388/omee.2020.11.30
  19. Lekmat, L. (2018). Antecedents of e-commerce adoption in Thai SMEs. UTCC International Journal of Business and Economics, 10(2), 219-244.
  20. Leu, J. F. Y., & Masri, R. (2021). Omni-channel retailing and digital business: A case study in Malaysia. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(4), 403-412. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no4.0403
  21. Li, Y. H., Huang, J. W., & Tsai, M. T. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The role of the knowledge creation process. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(4), 440-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2008.02.004
  22. Lim, S. C., Lim, S. P., & Trakulmaykee, N. (2018). An empirical study on factors affecting e-commerce adoption among SMEs in west Malaysia. Management Science Letters, 8(5), 381-392. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2018.4.008
  23. Macchion, L., Moretto, A. M., Caniato, F., Caridi, M., Danese, P., & Vinelli, A. (2017). International e-commerce for fashion products: What is the relationship with performance? International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 45(9), 1011-1031. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-11-2015-0171
  24. Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC). (2019). About us. https://mdec.my/go-ecommerce/about/
  25. Nasution, M. D. T. P., Rafiki, A., Lubis, A., & Rossanty, Y. (2021). Entrepreneurial orientation, knowledge management, dynamic capabilities towards e-commerce adoption of SMEs in Indonesia. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 12(2), 256-282. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-03-2020-0060
  26. Nazir, M. A., & Zhu, X. (2018). E-commerce adoption factors affecting the SMEs: A case study investigation of a developing economy - Pakistan. Bristol, United Kingdom: Britsh Academy Management.
  27. Octavia, A., Indrawijaya, S., Sriayudha, Y. H., Hasbullah, H., & A. (2020). Impact on e-commerce adoption on entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation in the business performance of SMEs. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 10(5), 516-525. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2020.105.516.525
  28. Odoom, R., Anning-Dorson, T., & Acheampong, G. (2017). Antecedents of social media usage and performance benefits in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 30(3), 383-399. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-04-2016-0088
  29. Patel, K. (2017). What is e-commerce? Internet Consultants and associates limited (ICAAL). https Science International (Lahore), 33(5), 363-368.
  30. Perumal, I., Parthasarathy, R., Krishnan, N. M., Nair, S., Jayabalan, N., & Selladurai, S. (2021). A study that influences SMEs in adopting e-commerce in Malaysia under instability phenomenon. Science International, 33(5), 363-368.
  31. Priambodo, I. T., Abdinagoro, S.B., & Bandur, A (2021). The effect of e-commerce capabilities on firm performance: An empirical study in Indonesia. Sasmoko. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(6), 483-489. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no6.0483
  32. Rahayu, R., & Day, J. (2015). Determinant factors of e-commerce adoption by SMEs in a developing country: Evidence from Indonesia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 142-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.423
  33. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach. NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  34. Shanmugam, J. K., Teoh, A. P., & Thurasamy, R. (2022). Antecedents of business-to-business e-commerce adoption among manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises in Malaysia. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(5), 4886-4917.
  35. Singh, T., & Kalia, P. (2020). MSME owner/manager perceptions towards the adoption of E-marketing activities in India. Hershey, Pennsylvania ICI Global. https://dou.orh/10.1080/14660970.2021.1918680
  36. Soegoto, E. S., & Utomo, A. T. (2019). Marketing strategy through social media. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 662(3), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/662/3/032040
  37. Sombultawee, K. (2020). Antecedents and consequences of e-commerce adoption for SMEs. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 41, 256-261. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2020.41.2.05
  38. Sriayudha, Y., Octavia, A., & Indrawijaya, S. (2020). Entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation in the business performance of SMEs: An exploration of the impact on e-commerce adoption. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 145, 158-163. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200626.029
  39. Thompson, P., Williams, R., & Thomas, B. C. (2013). Are UK SMEs with active websites more likely to achieve both innovation and growth? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(4), 934-965. http://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-05-2012-0067
  40. Yusoff, M. N. H. B., Zainol, F. A., Hafifi Ridzuan, R. H., Ismail, M., & Afthanorhan, A. (2021). Psychological traits and intention to use e-commerce among rural micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(5), 1827-1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16050102