DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effective City Diplomacy Inspired by Corporate Diplomacy: A European Perspective

  • Wilfried Bolewski (Journal of Public Diplomacy)
  • 투고 : 2022.08.09
  • 심사 : 2022.08.26
  • 발행 : 2022.12.30

초록

City Diplomacy, with its relational and global communicative components, becomes a strong link in the chain of extending the diplomatic mindset and performative practice in a social context, thus responding to societal expectations. Some lessons from Corporate Diplomacy as a policy valorizing sociability and interactionism provide assertive guidance to overcome the challenges to global City power. This Practitioner's Essay is building on diplomatic experience to outline innovative tendencies in contemporary practice and the effectiveness of Corporate Diplomacy as the Cities' soft power for cooperative solutions with regard to core global issues. The COVID pandemic serves as an example for city health diplomacy.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Acuto, M., Kosovac, A., & Hartley, K. (2021). City Diplomacy: Another Generational Shift? Diplomatica, 3(1), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-03010007
  2. Amiri, S. (2022). City Diplomacy: An Introduction to the Forum. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 17(1), 91-95. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-bja10090
  3. Amiri, S., & Dossani, R. (2019, November 22). City Diplomacy Has Been on the Rise. Policies Are Finally Catching Up. https://www.rand.org/blog/2019/11/city-diplomacyhas-been-on-the-rise-policies-are-finally.html
  4. Amiri, S., & Sevin, E. (2020). City Diplomacy: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Palgrave MacMillan.
  5. Beall, J., & Adam, D. (2017). Cities, Prosperity, and Influence: The Role of City Diplomacy in Shaping Soft Power in the 21st Century. British Council. https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/g229_cities_paper.pdf
  6. Bjola, C. (2018), Morality and diplomacy, in: The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy, Volume III, edited by Gordon Martel, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey
  7. Bolewski, W. (2008). Diplomatic Processes and Cultural Variations: The Relevance of Culture in Diplomacy. Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy & International Relations, 9(145).
  8. Bolewski, W. (2017). Diplomacy as a Mindset for Societal Practice. SWP, 12 (Diplomacy in the 21st Century).
  9. Bolewski, W. (2018). Corporate Diplomacy as Global Management. International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy, 4(2), 107. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJDIPE.2018.094089
  10. Bolewski, W. (2019). Diplomacy 'in Business' and the Business of humanist Diplomacy. Negociations, 32(2), 87-102. https://doi.org/10.3917/neg.032.0087
  11. Bolewski, W. (2021). Compass for Public/Private Management in Turbulent Times: Corporate Diplomacy. International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy, 7(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJDIPE.2021.114827
  12. Bolewski, W., & Sandu, D. (2021). Emotional Intelligence in Foreign Policy Processes. Academia Letters, 2. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL1245
  13. Bouchet, M. (2022). Strengthening Foreign Policy through Subnational Diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 17(1), 96-108. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-bja10091
  14. Constantinou, C. M. (2015). Everyday Diplomacy: Mission, Spectacle and the Remaking of Diplomatic Culture. In J. Dittmer & F. McConnell (Eds.), Diplomatic Cultures and International Politics (pp. 23-40). Routledge.
  15. Conway, P.R. (2020a). The Folds of Coexistence: Towards a Diplomatic Political Ontology, between Difference and Contradiction. Theory, Culture & Society, 37(3), 23-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276419885004
  16. Conway, P.R. (2020b). On the Way to Planet Politics: From Disciplinary Demise to Cosmopolitical Coordination. International Relations, 34(2), 157-179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117819879482
  17. Criekemans, D. (2014). Introduction to the English Edition. In M. Jazbec (Ed.), Sociology of Diplomacy Initial Reading. Istanbul Kultur universitesi Yayinevi.
  18. Curtis, S., & Acuto, M. (2018). The Foreign Policy of Cities. The RUSI Journal, 163(6), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2018.1562014
  19. Davidson, K., Coenen, L., Acuto, M., & Gleeson, B. (2019). Reconfiguring Urban Governance in an Age of Rising City Networks: A Research Agenda. Urban Studies, 56(16), 3540-3555. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018816010
  20. Doherty, C.L. (2014). Business Diplomacy: The Compass Rose of Foreign Markets [Master Thesis, Escola Brasileira de Administracao Publica e de Empresas]. http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br:80/dspace/handle/10438/13326
  21. Falcao, P., Ramalho, N., & Nobre, M. (2021). Stakeholder Management: The New Role of Business Diplomacy. Journal of Business Strategy, 42(6), 399-405. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBS-01-2020-0016
  22. Gongadze, S. (2019). The Emergent Role of Cities as Actors in International Relations. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2019/08/06/the-emergent-role-of-cities-asactors-in-international-relations/
  23. Gordon, D. J. (2018). Global Urban Climate Governance in Three and a Half Parts: Experimentation, Coordination, Integration (and Contestation). WIREs Climate Change, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.546
  24. Hachigian, N. (2019, April 16). Cities Will Determine the Future of Diplomacy. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/16/cities-will-determine-the-future-of-diplomacy/
  25. Hare, P. W. (2020). Corroding Consensus-Building: How Self-Centered Public Diplomacy is Damaging Diplomacy and What Can Be Done About It. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 16(2), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-019-00137-3
  26. Haynal, G. (2013). Corporate Statecraft (No. 5; Transatlantic Academy Working Papers). Transatlantic Academy. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/43594171/corporatestatecraft-transatlantic-academy
  27. Hocking, B. L. (2004). Privatizing Diplomacy? International Studies Perspectives, 5(2), 147-152.
  28. Hoffmann, A. (2014), From 'Business as Usual' to 'Business of Peace? Unpacking the Conflict-Sensitivity Narrative. Clingendael Institute, 28 (Conflict Research Unit Policy Brief). http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep05346
  29. Holmes, M., & Wheeler, N. J. (2020). Social Bonding in Diplomacy. International Theory, 12(1), 133-161. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752971919000162
  30. Honsell, F., Pascut, S., & Zamaro, G. (2017). Udine, Italy: City Health Diplomacy. In I. Kickbusch & M. Kokeny (Eds.), Health Diplomacy: European Perspectives (pp. 145-154). World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.
  31. Kiss, R., & Ruel, H. J. M. (2022), International Negotiations in a Hybrid Arena: New Actors, New Tools: A Practitioner's Contribution, International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy, forthcoming, DOI:10.1504/IJDIPE.202210049711
  32. Koranyi, D. (2021, March 15). How City Governments Can Help Revitalise the Multilateral System. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). https://ecfr.eu/article/how-citygovernments-can-help-revitalise-the-multilateral-system/
  33. Kurz, P. (2022). A Governance System that Supports City Diplomacy: The European Perspective. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 17(1), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-bja10093
  34. Kuus, M. (2017). Diplomacy and the other - and Wagner. New Perspectives, 25(3), 85-90. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26470172
  35. Lauermann, J. (2018). Municipal Statecraft: Revisiting the Geographies of the Entrepreneurial City. Progress in Human Geography, 42(2), 205-224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132516673240
  36. Leffel, B. (2018). Animus of the Underling: Theorizing City Diplomacy in a World Society. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 13(4), 502-522. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X13040025
  37. Leffel, B., Lewis, R. J., Jacobson, C., Renta, L., & Cottrell, K. (2021, January 26). It Is Time for the United States to Institutionalize Subnational Diplomacy (Transatlantic Take). GMF US. https://www.gmfus.org/news/it-time-united-states-institutionalize-subnationaldiplomacy
  38. Leira, H. (2017). The Making of a Classic: On Diplomacy 30 Years On. New Perspectives, 25(3), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X1702500305
  39. Lima, P. (2020). The Emergence of Business Enterprise-Centred Diplomacy. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 1(1), 23-26. https://doi.org/10.37534/bp.jhssr.2019.v1.n1.id1007.p23
  40. Manfredi Sanchez, J. L., Herranz de la Casa, J. M., & Calvo Rubio, L. M. (2017). Transparency and Diplomacy: New social demands and professional routines, 72, 832-848. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2017-1195en
  41. Marchetti, R. (2021). City diplomacy: From City-States to Global Cities. University of Michigan Press.
  42. Marsden, M., Ibanez-Tirado, D., & Henig, D. (2016). Everyday Diplomacy. The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.3167/ca.2016.340202
  43. McGuirk, P., Dowling, R., & Chatterjee, P. (2021). Municipal Statecraft for the Smart City: Retooling the Smart Entrepreneurial City? Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 53(7), 1730-1748. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X211027905
  44. Melin, M.M. (2021). The Business of Peace: Understanding Corporate Contributions to Conflict Management. International Interactions, 47(1), 107-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2020.1723581
  45. Mogensen, K. (2019). Interdisciplinary Perspectives On: The Idea of Corporate Public Diplomacy and How It Differs from State Public Diplomacy [PhD Thesis, Roskilde University]. http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.11607.62887
  46. Mogensen, K. (2020). Legitimacy Issues in Corporate Public Diplomacy. In J. D. Rendtorff (Ed.), Handbook of Business Legitimacy: Responsibility, Ethics and Society (pp. 1277-1293). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14622-1_57
  47. Mogensen, K. (2022), Business diplomacy and Justification: New Postpandemic Rules of the Game. International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy, forthcoming, DOI:10.1504/IJDIPE.2021.10042697
  48. Monteiro, R., & Meneses, R. (2015). The Relevance of Business Diplomacy in Internationalisation Processes: An Empirical Study. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 15(1), 20-44. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2015.070221
  49. Mursitama, T. N., & Lee, L. (2018). Towards a Framework of Smart City Diplomacy. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 126, 012102. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012102
  50. Naray, O., & Bezencon, V. (2017). Management and Business Research on Commercial Diplomacy: Examining Trends and Themes. The International Trade Journal, 31(4), 332-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2017.1291379
  51. PARISS. (2020). Editorial. Political Anthropological Research on International Social Sciences (PARISS), 1(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1163/25903276-00101001
  52. Parkes, R. (2020, September). City Diplomacy: The EU's Hidden Capacity to Act. Forschungsinstitut der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Auswartige Politik e.V. https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/document/69821/1/69821_1.pdf
  53. Pipa, A. F., & Bouchet, M. (2020). Multilateralism Restored? City Diplomacy in the COVID-19 Era. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 15(4), 599-610. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-BJA10043
  54. Qin, Y. (2020). Diplomacy as Relational Practice. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 15(1-2), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-15101092
  55. Ruel, H. (2020). Multinational Corporations as Diplomatic Actors: An Exploration of the Concept of Business Diplomacy. Diplomatica, 2(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-00201001
  56. Salacuse, J. W. (2013). Negotiating Life: Secrets for Everyday Diplomacy and Deal Making (1st Edition). Palgrave Macmillan.
  57. Sennett, R. (2012). Together: The Rituals, Pleasures and Politics of Cooperation (1. Publ.). Allen Lane.
  58. Sevin, E. (2021). The Missing Link: Cities and Soft Power of Nations. International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy, 7(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJDIPE.2021.114826
  59. Sevin, E., & Karaca, H. (2016). Corporations as Diplomatic Actors: Conceptualizing International Communication Tools. In N. Zakaria, A.-N. Abdul-Talib, & N. Osman (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Impacts of International Business and Political Affairs on the Global Economy (pp. 349-366). IGI Global. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-9806-2
  60. Shepherd, J. (2016). Privatized Diplomacy: How governments utilize private diplomatic corps to promote better economic and trade policy for domestic private and state owned multinational corporations in the United States [Post graduate diploma thesis in Global Business, University of Oxford]. https://www.academia.edu/26491399/PRIVATIZED_DIPLOMACY_HOW_GOVERNMENTS_UTILIZE_PRIVATE_DIPLOMATIC_CORPS_TO_PROMOTE_BETTER_ECONOMIC_AND_TRADE_POLICY_FOR_DOMESTIC_PRIVATE_AND_STATE_OWNED_MULTINATIONAL_CORPORATIONS_IN_THE_UNITED_STATES
  61. Solana, J. (2020). The Case for 'Human Diplomacy.' The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 15(4), 670-680. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-BJA10048
  62. White, C. (2020). Corporate Diplomacy. In N. Snow & N. J. Cull (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (2nd ed., pp. 413-421). Routledge.
  63. White, C., & Bolewski, W. (in press). A Research Agenda for Exploring Corporate Diplomacy. In E. Gilboa (Ed.), Research Agenda for Public Diplomacy. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  64. Zaharna, R. S. (2019). Culture, Cultural Diversity and Humanity-Centred Diplomacies. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 14(1-2), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-14101018