DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Purpose and Cultural Awareness in PD: Toward a Golden Circle of Public Diplomacy?

  • Carla Cabrera Cuadrado (Universidad de Valencia)
  • Received : 2022.01.25
  • Accepted : 2022.05.19
  • Published : 2022.12.30

Abstract

This research strives to contribute to the debates around Public Diplomacy by suggesting the potentialities of including into the equation intersectional concepts, so far used mainly in other disciplines. On the one hand, the author introduces a "sense of mission" (WHY), embedded in the so-called "Golden Circle" described by Sinek (2009) and the "Good Country Equation" introduced by Anholt (2020). On the other hand, the relevance of cultural awareness (WHERE) is highlighted, which is supported by intercultural studies theories and non-traditional cultural dimensions present in empirical research. This complementary model of analysis and strategy building could be called the Golden Circle of Public Diplomacy. A possible structure for its conceptualization could be: WHY (purpose), HOW (soft power), WHAT (PD), WHERE (culture), WHO (actors and audience), and WHEN (time).

Keywords

References

  1. Acuto, M. (2013). Global Cities, Governance and Diplomacy: The Urban Link. Routledge.
  2. Aidi, H. (2014). Hip-Hop Diplomacy: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy Enters a New Era. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2014-04-16/hip-hop-diplomacy
  3. Amiri, S. (2020). Making US MOIA Sustainable Institutions for Conducting City Diplomacy by Protecting Their Precarious Values. In S. Amiri, & E. Sevin. (Eds.). City Diplomacy: Current Trends and Future Prospects, (pp. 235-251). Palgrave MacMillan.
  4. Anagondahalli, D., & Zhu, L. (2016). Culture's Role in Public Diplomacy: Predicting and Preventing Crises. The Journal of International Communication, 22(1), 64-81.
  5. Anholt, Simon. (2020). The Good Country Equation. Berret-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
  6. Armstrong, Matthew C. (2009). Operationalizing Public Diplomacy. In N. Snow & P.M. Taylor (Eds.). Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 63-71). Routledge.
  7. Armstrong, Matthew C. (2020). Operationalizing Public Diplomacy. In N. Snow & P.M. Taylor (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 82-95). Routledge.
  8. Ayhan, K. J. (2018). The Boundaries of Public Diplomacy and Nonstate Actors: A Taxonomy of Perspectives, International Studies Perspectives, 0, 1-21.
  9. Banks, R. (2020). Public Diplomacy Evaluation. In N. Snow & P.M. Taylor (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 64-75). Routledge.
  10. Bebawi, S. (2016). The Cultural Imperative: News Production and Soft Power. In N. Chitty, L. Ji, G.D. Rawnsley, & C. Hayden (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, (pp. 157-165). Taylor & Francis.
  11. Bjola, C; Cassidy, J.A., & Manor, I. (2020). "Digital Public Diplomacy: Business as Usual or a Paradigm Shift?" In N. Snow & N.J. Cull (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 405-412). Routledge.
  12. Bolewski, W. (2008). Diplomatic processes and cultural variations: The relevance of culture in diplomacy. Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 9, 145-160.
  13. Borodistky, Lera. (2011). How Language Shapes Thought. Scientific American, 304(2), 62-65.
  14. Broadbent, E., Gougoulis, J., Lui, N., Pota, V., & Simons, J. (2017). What the World's Young People Think and Feel. Generation Z: Global Citizenship Survey. Varkey Foundation.
  15. Brown, R. (2012). The Four Paradigms of Public Diplomacy: Building a Framework for Comparative Government External Communications Research. International Studies Association Convention, San Diego, CA, United States
  16. Bu, L. (1999). Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War. Journal of American Studies, 33(3), Part 1: Women in America, 393-415.
  17. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. (2016). Fulbright 70th Anniversary. https://eca.state.gov/files/bureau/fulbright/index.html
  18. Chitty, N. (2016). Soft Power, Civic Virtue and World Politics (section overview). In N. Chitty, L. Ji, G.D. Rawnsley, & C. Hayden (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, (pp. 9-36). Taylor & Francis.
  19. Christensen, C. (2013). @Sweden: Curating a Nation on Twitter. Popular Communication. The International Journal of Media and Culture, 11(1), 30-46.
  20. CIA. (2021). Field Listing - Languages. The World Factbook. https://web.archive.org/web/20210719135756/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/languages/
  21. Cooper, A.F. (2018). Adapting Public Diplomacy to the Populist Challenge. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 14, 36-50.
  22. Crilley, R., Gillespie, M., Vidgen, B., & Willis, A. (2021). Understanding RT's Audiences: Exposure Not Endorsement for Twitter Followers of Russian State-Sponsored Media. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 1-23.
  23. Cull, N.J. (2009). Public Diplomacy before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase. In N. Snow & P.M. Taylor (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 19-23). Routledge.
  24. Cull, N.J. (2019). Public diplomacy: Foundations for Global Engagement in the Digital Age. John Wiley & Sons.
  25. Cull, N.J. (2021, March 9). "What is to be done?" Professor Cull answers questions about rebuilding U.S. Public Diplomacy. CPD Blog. University of South California Center on Public Diplomacy. https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/%E2%80%9Cwhat-be-done%E2%80%9D-professor-cull-answers-questions-about-rebuilding-us-public-diplomacy
  26. Cull, N.J. (2009). Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past. PD Perspectives. http://kamudiplomasisi.org/pdf/kitaplar/PDPerspectivesLessons.pdf
  27. European Commission. (2007). The EU's 50th Anniversary Celebrations around the World: A Glance at EU Public Diplomacy at Work. Brussels. https://web.archive.org/web/20200214103815/https://europa.eu/50/around_world/images/2007_50th_anniv_broch_en.pdf
  28. Finn, H.K. (2003). The Case for Cultural Diplomacy: Engaging Foreign Audiences. Foreign Affairs, 82(6), 15-20
  29. Fox, J., & Sandler, S. (2004). Bringing Religion into International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan.
  30. Frederick, H.H. (1993). Global Communication & International Relations. Wadsworth.
  31. Gass, R.H., & Seiter, J.S. (2009). Credibility and Public Diplomacy. In N. Snow & P.M. Taylor (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 154-165). Routledge.
  32. Gilboa, E. (2008). Searching for a Theory of Public Diplomacy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 55-77.
  33. Gillespie, M., & Webb, A. (2012). Diasporas and Diplomacy: Cosmopolitan Contact Zones at the BBC World Service. Routledge.
  34. Hall, E.T. (1959). The Silent Language. Doubleday.
  35. Hayden, C. (2013). Envisioning a Multidisciplinary Research Agenda for Public Diplomacy. E-International relations, 11(1).
  36. Hayden, C. (2016). Technologies of Influence. In N. Chitty, L. Ji, G.D. Rawnsley, & C. Hayden (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, (pp. 187-202). Taylor & Francis.
  37. Haynes, J. (2013). An Introduction to International Relations and Religion. Routledge.
  38. Hocking, B. (1999). Catalytic Diplomacy: Beyond 'Newness' and 'Decline'. In J. Melissen (Ed.). Innovation in Diplomatic Practice, (pp. 21-42). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  39. Hocking, B. (2008). Reconfiguring Public Diplomacy: From Competition to Collaboration. Engagement: Public Diplomacy in a Globalised World, 62-75.
  40. Hofstede, G. H. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Sage.
  41. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J., & Minkov M. (2021). Cultural Compass. Hofstede Insights. https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/
  42. House, R.J.; Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Sage Publications.
  43. Huijgh, E. (2013). Public Diplomacy's Domestic Dimension in the European Union. In M.D. Cross & J. Melissen (Eds.). European Public Diplomacy: Soft Power at Work, (pp. 57-84). Palgrave.
  44. Huntington, S.P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72(3), Summer, 22-49.
  45. Iorgulescu, M.-C. (2016). Generation Z and its Perception of Work. Cross-Cultural Management Journal, 18(1), 47-54.
  46. Izadi, F., & Nelson, R. (2020). Ethics and Social Issues in Public Diplomacy. In N. Snow & N.J. Cull (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 391-404). Routledge.
  47. Jahn, B. (2004). The Power of Culture in International Relations. In J.Gienow-Hecht & F. Schumacher (Eds.). Culture and International History, (pp. 27-41). Berghahn Books.
  48. Jameson, D.A. (2007). Reconceptualizing Cultural Identity and its Role in Intercultural Business Communication. Journal of Business Communication, 44(3), 199-235. Cornell University.
  49. Jiang, F. (2016). A Critical Discourse Analysis of Soft Power. In N. Chitty, L. Ji, G.D. Rawnsley, & C. Hayden (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, (pp. 48-61). Taylor & Francis.
  50. Jonsson, C., & Aggestam, K. (1999). Trends in Diplomatic Signaling. In J. Melissen (Ed.). Innovation in Diplomatic Practice, (pp. 151-170). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  51. Kelley, J.R. (2009). Between "Take-offs" and "Crash landings": Situational Aspects of Public Diplomacy. In N. Snow & P.M. Taylor (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 72-85). Routledge.
  52. Kelley, J.R. (2010). The New Diplomacy: Evolution of a Revolution. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 21(2), 286-305.
  53. Keohane, R.O., & Nye, J. (1977). Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, Little Brown.
  54. Kirby, J. (2020, June 12). "Black Lives Matter" has become a global rallying cry against racism and police brutality. VOX. https://www.vox.com/2020/6/12/21285244/black-lives-matter-global-protests-george-floyd-uk-belgium
  55. Leonard, M. (2002). Public Diplomacy. The Foreign Policy Centre.
  56. Lopez Cabrera, C.P., & Velasquez Ortiz, V. H. (2016). Diseno de Una Guia Metodologica Para La Implementacion Del Sistema Integral de Gestion y Control de La Gobernacion de Cundinamarca. SIGNOS, investigacion en sistemas de gestion, 8(1), 45-58.
  57. Makoni, T. (2020). As Interculturalists, Is It Time to Look Beyond Nations for a Deeper Understanding? Curiously Intercultural. SIETAR Europa. https://sietareu.org/as-interculturalists-is-it-time-to-look-beyond-nations-for-a-deeper-understanding-2/
  58. Malone, G.D. (1985). Managing Public Diplomacy. Washington Quarterly, 8(3), 199-213.
  59. Manfredi-Sanchez, J.L. (2021). Urban Diplomacy: A Cosmopolitan Outlook. Brill Research Perspectives in Diplomacy and Foreign Policy, 3(4), 1-90.
  60. Manheim, J.B. (1994). Strategic Public Diplomacy and American Foreign Policy: The Evolution of Influence. Oxford University Press on Demand.
  61. Maoz, Z., & Henderson, E.A. (2013). The World Religion Dataset, 1945-2010: Logic, Estimates, and Trends. International Interactions, 39(3), 265-291.
  62. Mcclory, J. (2016). The Soft Power 30. A Global Ranking of Soft Power 2016. Portland & USC Center on Public Diplomacy. https://portland-communications.com/pdf/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2016.pdf
  63. Mcclory, J. (2017). The Soft Power 30. A Global Ranking of Soft Power 2017. Portland & USC Center on Public Diplomacy. https://softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/The_Soft_Power_30_Report_2017-1.pdf
  64. Mcclory, J. (2018). The Soft Power 30. A Global Ranking of Soft Power 2018. Portland & USC Center on Public Diplomacy. https://softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2018.pdf
  65. Mcclory, J. (2019). The Soft Power 30. A Global Ranking of Soft Power 2019. Portland & USC Center on Public Diplomacy. https://softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2019-1.pdf
  66. Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan.
  67. Melissen, J. (2011). Beyond the New Public Diplomacy. Clingendael Institute.
  68. Meyer, E. (2014). The Culture Map: Decoding How People Think, Lead and Get Things Done across Cultures. Public Affairs.
  69. Morgenthau, H.J. (1985). Politics Among Nations, Sixth edition. Alfred A. Knopf. (The first edition was published in 1948)
  70. Muljosumarto C., Jiyoung Y., & Haeyoon K. (2013). A Case Study on an Advertising Campaign Proposal for Busan North Port Project with the Implication of Golden Circle Method. Journal of Integrated Design Research, 12(2), 33-43.
  71. Murray, Stuart. (2018). Sports Diplomacy: Origins, Theory and Practice. Routledge.
  72. Murrow Center. (2009). What is Public Diplomacy? https://web.archive.org/web/20090326043509/http://fletcher.tufts.edu/murrow/public-diplomacy.html
  73. Noak, R., & Gamio, L. (2015, April 23). The World's Languages, in 7 Maps and Charts. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/
  74. Noya, J. (2008). New Propaganda: The Public Diplomacy of the Authoritarian Regimes in China and Venezuela. Documento de Trabajo del Real Instituo Elcano, 3.
  75. Nye, J.S. (1990). Bound to lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. Basic Books.
  76. Nye, J.S. (2004). Soft power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs.
  77. Nye, J.S. (2010). The New Public Diplomacy. Project Syndicate, 10.
  78. Nye, J.S. (2011). The Future of Power. Public Affairs.
  79. Nye, J.S. (2012). Smart Power. Gius. Laterza & Figli Spa.
  80. OECD. (2011). OECD Regional Typology. Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development.
  81. Ojo, T. (2016). Nigeria, Oublic Diplomacy and Soft Power. In N. Chitty, L. Ji, G.D. Rawnsley, & C. Hayden (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, (pp. 335-345). Taylor & Francis.
  82. Petkovic, J.S. (2007). Traditional Values and Modernization Challenges in Forming Urban and Rural Culture. FACTA UNIVERSITATIS - Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology and History, 1, 23-39.
  83. Pisarska, K. (2016). Americans and Europe (section overview). In N. Chitty, L. Ji, G.D. Rawnsley, & C. Hayden (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, (pp. 235-238). Taylor & Francis.
  84. Pratkanis, A. (2009). Public Diplomacy in International Conflicts: A Social Influence Analysis. In N. Snow & P.M. Taylor (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 111-153). Routledge.
  85. Rana, K.S. (2016). India and China: Soft power in an Asian context. In N. Chitty, L. Ji, G.D. Rawnsley, & C. Hayden (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, (pp. 381-391). Taylor & Francis.
  86. Reinhard, K. (2009). American Business and Its Role in Public Diplomacy. In N. Snow & P.M. Taylor (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 215-220). Routledge.
  87. Rhoads, K. (2009). The Culture Variable in the Influence Equation. In N. Snow & P.M. Taylor (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 166-186). Routledge.
  88. Rhoads, K. (2020). The Primacy of Culture in Influence: A Dissenting View. In N. Snow & N.J. Cull (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 169-183). Routledge.
  89. Rodriguez-Jimenez, F. (2015). "Charm Offensive?": Poder Blando Chino en las Ultimas Decadas. In Pensar con la historia desde el siglo XXI: actas del XII Congreso de la Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea. UAM, 6391-6412.
  90. Rodriguez, F.J., Delgado, L., Cull, N. (2015). US Public Diplomacy and Democratization in Spain. Palgrave Macmillan.
  91. Roselle, L., Miskimmon, A., & O'Loughlin, B. (2014). Strategic Narrative: A New Means to Understand Soft Power, Media, War & Conflict, 7(1), 70-84.
  92. Said, E. (1948). Orientalism, First edition. Vintage Books.
  93. Sampson III, M. W., & Walker, S.G. (1987). Cultural Norms and National Roles: A Comparison of Japan and France. In S.G. Walker (Ed.). Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis, (pp. 105-122). Duke University Press.
  94. Santos, N.A.F. dos. (2021). Presidential Public Diplomacy 2.0: Seven Lessons to Prevent Fire in Cyberspace. Journal of Public Diplomacy, 1(1), 36-56.
  95. Sevin, E. (2016). Understanding Soft Power through Public Diplomacy. In N. Chitty, L. Ji, G.D. Rawnsley, & C. Hayden (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, (pp. 62-71). Taylor & Francis.
  96. Sevin, E. (2017). Public Diplomacy and the Implementation of Foreign Policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey. Palgrave MacMillan.
  97. Shim, K., Golan, G.J., Day, A.G.; & Yang, S.-Un. (2015). Beyond the Western Masses: Demography and Perceptions of the Credibility of Pakistani Media. International Journal of Communication, 9(1), 2282-2305.
  98. Signitzer, B.H.; Coombs, T. (1992). Public Relations and Public Diplomacy: Conceptual Convergences. Public relations review, 18(2), 137-147.
  99. Sinek, S. (2009). Start with why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action. Penguin.
  100. Sinek, S. (2015). Solving Global Issues with "Why". Brown Journal on World Affairs, 22, 369-376.
  101. Slama, K. (2004). Rural Culture is a Diversity Issue. Minnesota Psychologist, 53(1), 9-12.
  102. Snow, N. (2020). Rethinking Public Diplomacy in the 2020s. In N. Snow & N.J. Cull (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 3-12). Routledge.
  103. Soedjatmoko. (1979). Communications and Cultural Identity. Third World Quarterly, 1(3).
  104. Sotiriu, S. (2015). DIGITAL DIPLOMACY. Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice, 33.
  105. Spain Arts & Culture. (2021). Film. https://www.spainculture.us/category/film/
  106. Spry, D. (2016). Soft Power in East and South-East Asia (section overview).In N. Chitty, L. Ji, G.D. Rawnsley, & C. Hayden (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, (pp. 395-399). Taylor & Francis.
  107. Swedish Institute. (2018). Curators of Sweden comes to an end. https://si.se/en/curators-of-sweden-comes-to-an-end/
  108. Szondi, G. (2009). Central and Eastern European Public Diplomacy: A Transitional Perspective on National Reputation Management. In N. Snow & P.M. Taylor (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 312-333). Routledge.
  109. The Washington Post. (2020). The history of racist colonial violence can help us understand police violence. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/09/01/history-racistcolonial-violence-can-help-us-understand-police-violence/
  110. Thomson, C. A., & Laves, W. H. C. (1963). Cultural Relations and US Foreign Policy. Indiana University Press.
  111. Tingley, D., & Tomz, M. (2019). The Effects of Naming and Shaming on Public Support for Compliance with International Agreements: An Experimental Analysis of the Paris Agreement. International Organization, 1-24.
  112. Trompenaars, F., & Hampden-Turner, C. (1998). Riding the Waves of Culture. Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
  113. Tuch, H.N. (1990). Communicating with the World: US Public Diplomacy Overseas. St. Martin's Press.
  114. U.S. Department of State. (1987). Dictionary of International Relations Terms. http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028440827;view=1up;seq=5
  115. Varner, I., & Beamer, L. (2005). Intercultural Communication in the Global Workplace. McGraw Hill/Irwin.
  116. Vuving, A.L. (2009, September 3). How Soft Power Works. [Paper Presentation]. American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada.
  117. Walker, C. (2018). What Is "Sharp Power"?. Journal of Democracy, 29(3), 9-23.
  118. Westerman, A., Benk, R., & Greene, D. (2020). In 2020, Protests Spread Across The Globe With A Similar Message: Black Lives Matter. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/12/30/950053607/in-2020-protests-spread-across-the-globe-with-a-similar-message-black-lives-matt?t=1627544854398
  119. Wilson, R. (2013). Cocina Peruana para el Mundo: Gastrodiplomacy, the Culinary Nation Brand, and the Context of National Cuisine in Peru. Exchange: The Journal of Public Diplomacy, 2(1), 2.
  120. Wood, S. (2013). Generation Z as Consumers: Trends and Innovation. Institute for Emerging Issues: NC State University, 119(9), 1-3.
  121. Wunderbar Together. (2021). About. https://wunderbartogether.org/leadership/about/
  122. Yun, S.H. (2008). Cultural Consequences on Excellence in Public Diplomacy. Journal of Public Relations Research, 20, 207-230.
  123. Zaharna, R.S. (2004). Asymmetry of Cultural Styles and the Unintended Consequences of Crisis Public Diplomacy. In H. Slavik (Ed.). Intercultural Communication and Diplomacy, (pp. 133-142). DiploFoundation.
  124. Zaharna, R.S. (2006). The US Credibility Deficit. Foreign Policy in Focus, 13.
  125. Zaharna, R.S. (2010). Battles to Bridges: US Strategic Communication and Public Diplomacy after 9/11. Springer.
  126. Zaharna, R.S. (2012). The Cultural Awakening in Public Diplomacy. CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, Paper 4. Figueroa Press.
  127. Zaharna, R.S. (2020). Communication Logics of Global Public Diplomacy. InIn N. Snow & N.J. Cull (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, (pp. 96-111). Routledge.
  128. Zaharna, R S. (2022). A Humanity-Centered Vision of Soft Power for Public Diplomacy's Global Mandate, Journal of Public Diplomacy, 1(2), 27-48.
  129. Zurovchak, J. F. (1995). Cultural Influences on Foreign Policy Decision-Making: Comparing the Structures and Processes of Czech and Slovak Foreign Policy Organizations. [Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148793199346666