DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Human Health Risk Assessment of BTEX from Daesan Petrochemical Industrial Complex

대산 석유화학 산업단지 인근 지역에서의 BTEX 인체 위해성 평가

  • Received : 2022.08.26
  • Accepted : 2022.10.18
  • Published : 2022.10.31

Abstract

In this study, the concentration and distribution characteristics of BTEX (benzene toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) emitted from Daesan Petrochemical Industrial Complex were examined to determine their potential hazards to local residents. Residents living nearby the complex areas may be exposed to the chemicals through various media (air, water, and soil), especially by air. This study evaluated human health risks by inhalation using both deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment approaches. As a result of the deterministic risk assessment, the non-cancer risk was much lower than the regulation limit of hazard index (HI 1.0) for all the points. However, in case of cancer risk evaluation, it was found that the risk of excess cancer for benzene at point A located in the industrial complex was 2.28×10-6, which slightly exceeded the standard regulatory limit of 1.0×10-6. In addition, the probabilistic risk assessment revealed that the percentile exceeding the standard of 1.0×10-6was found to be 45.3%. The sensitivity analysis showed that exposure time (ET) had the greatest impact on the results. Based on the risk assessment study, it implied that ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene had little adverse effects on potential human exposure, but benzene often exceeded the cancer risk standard (1.0×10-6). Further studies on extensive VOCs monitoring are needed to evaluate the potential risks of industrial complex areas.

본 연구에서는 대산 석유화학 산업단지에서 배출되는 BTEX (benzene toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene)의 농도 및 분포 특성을 조사하여 지역주민에 대한 잠재적 위해성을 파악하였다. 산업단지 인근 지역주민들은 다양한 매체(공기, 물, 토양), 특히 공기를 통해 화학물질에 노출될 수 있다. 이 연구는 결정론적 및 확률론적 위해성 평가 접근 방식을 모두 사용하여 흡입에 의한 인체 건강 위험을 평가하였다. 결정론적 위해성 평가 결과 모든 지점에 대해 비발암 위해도의 유해지수(HI) 1.0보다 훨씬 낮은 결과가 나타났다. 그러나 발암 위해성 평가 결과, 산업단지 내에 위치한 A 지점에서 벤젠에 대한 초과발암위해도는 2.28×10-6로 기준치인 1.0×10-6을 약간 상회하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 해당 지점에 대한 확률론적 위해성 평가 결과, 보수적 기준인 1.0×10-6을 초과하는 Percentile은 45.3%로 나타났으며, 민감도 분석 결과 노출시간(ET)가 결과에 미치는 영향이 가장 크다고 판단되었다. 인체 위해성 평가 결과, 에틸벤젠, 톨루엔, 자일렌에 대해서는 인체에 위해한 영향이 적은 것으로 판단되었으나, 벤젠은 초과발암위해도 기준(1.0×10-6)을 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 산업단지에서 공기 중 VOCs에 대한 광범위한 모니터링을 통해 이러한 잠재적 위험을 평가하기 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Seinfeld JH, Pandis. 1998. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change. John Willey & Sons, Inc. New York, NY, USA.
  2. DSICA (Daesan Industrial Complex Association). 2016. An Investigation on the Air Environment Impact of Daesan Industrial Complex.
  3. Seosan City. 2021. Seosan City Environmental Plan (2022-2026). Chapter 7, p. 307.
  4. Manahan S. 2018. 10th Edition Environmental Chemistry.
  5. Health and Environment Institute of Chungcheongnam-do. 2018-2020. Air Quality Monitoring Results. http://www.chungnam.go.kr/main.do. (accessed date: Dec 28, 2021)
  6. Kang CH, Chang YY. 2005. Risk Assessment of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil Using RBCA (Risk-Based Corrective Action) Mode. Korean J. EHS Assessment 3(4): 9-17. [Korean Literature]
  7. Jang YC, Lee S, Shin YS, Kim H, Lee J. 2011. Human Health Risk Assessment of Benzene from Industrial Complexes of Chungcheong and Jeonla Province. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 20(4): 497-507. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.14249/EIA.2011.20.4.497
  8. Oh YJ, Han YD, Kim YJ, Jung SH, Jung WH, Im JY, Lee JW, Park MK, Son BS. 2019. Heavy metals exposure and health risk assessment of PM10 particles in indoor air in industrial area. Journal of Odor and Indoor Environment 18(1): 18-27. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.15250/joie.2019.18.1.18
  9. Kim SM, Son ES, Seo YK, Baek SO. 2019. A Case Study on Health Impact Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants in Industrial Complex Development Plan. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 28(6): 616-625. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.14249/EIA.2019.28.6.616
  10. Lee GI, Kim HK, Ji SM, Jang YC. 2020. Human Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Road Dust Sediments in Korea. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment. 29(4): 286-297. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.14249/EIA.2020.29.4.286
  11. Ertan D, Fatih T, Aykan K. 2009. Health risk assessment of BTEX emissions in the landfill environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 176: 870-877.
  12. Mohammad M, Maryam RAS, Hamid RG, Hamideh EA, Ehsan A, Ebrahim T, Abdolmajid G, Mohsen YA, Amir M, Ali A. 2016. Investigation of outdoor BTEX: Concentration, variations, sources, spatial distribution, and risk assessment. Chemosphere 163: 601-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.088
  13. Behzad H, Krystal JGP, Ali K, Hamshid YC, Alan D, Mohammad S, Mahmoud M. 2017. BTEX exposure assessment and quantitative risk assessment among petroleum product distributors. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 144: 445-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.055
  14. Anchal G, Gupta NC. 2018. A comprehensive study on spatio-temporal distribution, health risk assessment and ozone formation potential of BTEX emissions in ambient air of Delhi, India. Science of the Total Environment 659: 1090-1099.
  15. Mohammad AM, Ali AO. 2020. Gas flares contribution in total health risk assessment of BTEX in Asalouyeh, Iran. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 137: 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.02.034
  16. Liu YJ, Liu YQ, Yang HY, Wang QA, Cheng F, Lu WJ, Wang JB. 2021. Occupational health risk assessment of BTEX in municipal solid waste landfill based on external and internal exposure. Journal of Environmental Management 305: 114348.
  17. Hamid RG, Zohreh K, Mohammad SH, Mehdi F, Mohsen H. 2021. Level of air BTEX in urban, rural and industrial regions of Bandar Abbas, Iran; indoor-outdoor relationships and probabilistic health risk assessment. Environmental Research 200: 111745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111745
  18. Ali A, Saeed MZ, Mohammadreza M, Ali E, Amin MK. 2021. Emission of BTEX compounds from the frying process: Quantification, environmental effects, and probabilistic health risk assessment. Environmental Research 204: 112295.
  19. Adel M, Roohollah R, Sadegh N, Amin A, Mehdi F. 2022. BTEX levels in rural households: Heating system, building characteristic impacts and lifetime excess cancer risk assessment. Environmental Pollution 298: 118845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118845
  20. Kim O, Song YH, Choi JH, Park SH, Park CY, Lee MW, Lee JH. 2019. Human Exposure to BTEX and Its Risk Assessment Using the CalTOX Model According to the Probability Density Function in Meteorological Input Data. J Environ Health Sci. 45(5): 497-510. [Korean Literature]
  21. Kim YR, Rhee JH, Heo SK, Nam GJ, Li Q, Yoo CK. 2020. Human Health Risk, Environmental and Economic Assessment Based on Multimedia Fugacity Model for Determination of Best Available Technology (BAT) for VOC Reduction in Industrial Complex. Korean Chemical Engineering Research 58(3): 325-345. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.9713/KCER.2020.58.3.325
  22. NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research). 2021. Guidelines for Operation of Real-Time Mobile Mass Analysis System.
  23. Statistics Korea. 2020. Number of resident registration households by administrative district. https://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/index.action. (accessed date: Jan. 8, 2022)
  24. NCIS (National Institute of Chemical Safety). 2022. Pollutant release and transfer register (2018-2020). https://icis.me.go.kr/prtr/main.do (accessed date: Jul 6, 2022).
  25. US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System). https://www.epa.gov/iris/ (accessed date: Dec 29, 2021).
  26. US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1986. Guidelins for Cancinogen Risk Assessment. Fed. Reg. 51.
  27. US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1989. Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A).
  28. US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2011. Exposure Factors Handbook. EPA/600/R-09/052F, National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460.
  29. NIFDS (National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation). 2022. Tox-Info. https://www.nifds.go.kr/toxinfo/ (accessed date: Jul 6, 2022).