Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of soil condition on the coefficient of lateral earth pressure inside an open-ended pipe pile

  • Ko, Junyoung (Department of Civil Engineering, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Jeong, Sangseom (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University) ;
  • Seo, Hoyoung (Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University)
  • Received : 2022.03.03
  • Accepted : 2022.10.16
  • Published : 2022.10.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Finite element analyses using coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian technique are performed to investigate the effect of soil conditions on plugging of open-ended piles in sands. Results from numerical simulations are compared against the data from field load tests on three open-ended piles and show very good agreement. A parametric study focusing on determination of the coefficient of lateral earth pressure (K) in soil plug after pile driving are then performed for various soil densities, end-bearing conditions, and layering conditions. Results from the parametric study suggest that the K value in the soil plug - and hence the degree of soil plugging - increases with increasing soil densities. The analysis results further show that the K value within the soil plug can reach about 63 to 71% of the coefficient of passive earth pressure after pile driving. For layered soil profiles, the greater K values are achieved after pile driving when the denser soil layer is present near the pile base regardless of number of soil layers. This study provides comprehensive numerical and experimental data that can be used to develop advanced theory for analysis and design of open-ended pipe piles, especially for estimation of inner shaft resistance after pile driving.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2020R1F1A1076193 and 2022R1C1C1011477).

References

  1. American Petroleum Institute (2011), Geotechnical and Foundation Design Considerations: ANSI/API Recommended Practice 2GEO/ISO 19901-4. 1st Ed., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
  2. Bienen, B., Qiu, G. and Pucker, T. (2015), "CPT correlation developed from numerical analysis to predict jack-up foundation penetration into sand overlying clay", Ocean. Eng., 108, 216-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.08.009.
  3. Brown, D.A. and Thompson, W.R. (2015), NCHRP Synthesis 478, Design and Load Testing of Large Diameter Open-Ended Driven Piles. Transportation Research Board, National Academies, Washington, DC, USA.
  4. Brucy, F., Meunier, J. and Nauroy, J.F. (1991), "Behavior of pile plug in sandy soil during and after driving", Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, USA, May.
  5. Caltrans (2015), Technical Guidance for Assessment and Mitigation of the Hydroacoustic Effects of Pile Driving on Fish, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, USA.
  6. Chen, F., Lin, Y., Dong, Y. and Li, D. (2020), "Numerical investigations of soil plugging effect inside large-diameter, open-ended wind turbine monopiles driven by vibratory hammers", Mar. Georesour. Geotech., 38, 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2018.1553081.
  7. Dassault Systemes (2018), Abaqus 2018 Online Documentation, Simulia Corp., Providence, USA.
  8. De Nicola, A. and Randolph, M.F. (1997), "The plugging behaviour of driven and jacked piles in sand", Geotechnique, 47(4), 841-856. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1997.47.4.841.
  9. Fattah, M.Y. and Al-Soudani, W.H.S. (2016), "Bearing capacity of open-ended pipe piles with restricted soil plug", Ships Offshore Struct., 11(5), 501-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2015.1030247.
  10. Goble, G.G., Raushe, F.R. and Likins, G.E. (1980), "The analysis of pile driving-a state-of-the-art", Proceedings of International Seminar on the Application of Stress-Wave Theory on Piles, Stockholm, Sweden, June.
  11. Gudavalli, S.R., Safaqah, O. and Seo, H. (2013), "Effect of Soil Plugging on Axial Capacity of Open-Ended Pipe Piles in Sands", Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, France, September.
  12. Gupta, T., Chakraborty, T., Abdel-Rahman, K. and Achmus, M. (2016), "Large Deformation Finite Element Analysis of Static Cone Penetration Test", Indian Geotech. J., 46(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-015-0157-3.
  13. Hsu, C.Y., Liang, C.C., Teng, T.L. and Nguyen, A.T. (2013), "A numerical study on high-speed water jet impact", Ocean Eng., 72, 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2013.06.012.
  14. Igoe, D.J.P., Gavin, K.G. and O'Kelly, B.C. (2008), "Field measurements of the base resistance of pipe piles in medium dense sand", Proceedings of the Second BGA International Conference on Foundations (ICOF 2008), Dundee, Scotland, June.
  15. Igoe, D., Doherty, P. and Gavin, K. (2010), "The Development and Testing of an Instrumented Open-Ended Model Pile", Geotech. Test J., 33(1), 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ102708.
  16. Jeong, S., Ko, J., Won, J. and Lee, K. (2015), "Bearing capacity analysis of open-ended piles considering the degree of soil plugging", Soil Found., 55(5), 1001-1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.06.007.
  17. Kikuchi, Y., Mizutani, T., Morikawa, Y. and Sato, T. (2009), "Plugging Mechanism of open-ended piles", Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Alexandria, Egypt, October.
  18. Kim, D. and Jeong, S. (2021), "Estimation of the excavation damage zone in TBM tunnel using large deformation FE analysis", Geomech. Eng., 24(4), 323-335. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2021.24.4.323.
  19. Kim, Y.H., Hossain, M.S. and Wang, D. (2015a), "Effect of strain rate and strain softening on embedment depth of a torpedo anchor in clay", Ocean Eng., 108, 704-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.07.067.
  20. Kim, Y.H., Hossain, M.S., Wang, D. and Randolph, M.F. (2015b), "Numerical investigation of dynamic installation of torpedo anchors", Ocean Eng., 108, 820-832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.08.033.
  21. Kishida, H. and Isemoto, N. (1977), "Behavior of sand plugs in open ended steel pipe piles", Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, July.
  22. Klos, J. and Tejchman, A. (1981), "Bearing capacity calculation for pipe piles", Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, June.
  23. Ko, J. and Jeong, S. (2015), "Plugging effect of open-ended piles in sandy soil", Can. Geotech. J., 52(5), 535-547. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0041.
  24. Ko, J., Jeong, S. and Lee, J.K. (2016), "Large deformation FE analysis of driven steel pipe piles with soil plugging", Comput. Geotech., 71, 82-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.08.005.
  25. Kodsy, A. and Iskander, M. (2022), "Insight into plugging of pipe piles based on pile dimensions", Appl. Sci., 12, 2711. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052711.
  26. Kraft, L.M. (1991), "Performance of axially loaded pipe piles in sand", J. Geotech. Eng., 117(2), 272-296. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:2(272).
  27. Lai, F., Liu, S., Deng, Y., Sun, Y., Wu, K. and Liu, H. (2020), "Numerical investigations of the installation process of giant deep-buried circular open caissons in undrained clay", Comput. Geotech., 118, 103322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103322.
  28. Lee, K. and Jeong, S. (2018), "Large deformation FE analysis of a debris flow with entrainment of the soil layer", Comput. Geotech., 96, 258-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.11.008.
  29. Lee, K., Kim, Y., Ko, J. and Jeong, S. (2019), "A study on the debris flow-induced impact force on check dam with- and without-entrainment", Comput. Geotech., 113, 103104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103104.
  30. Lehane, B.M., Schneider, J.A. and Xu, X. (2005), "The UWA-05 method for prediction of axial capacity of driven piles in sand", Proceedings of the International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (IS-FOG 2005), Perth, Australia, September.
  31. Mabsout, M.E., Reese, L.C. and Tassoulas, J.L. (1995), "Study of pile driving by finite-element method", J. Geotech. Eng., 121(7), 535-543. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:7(535).
  32. Mabsout, M.E., Sadek, S.M. and Smayra, T.E. (1999), "Pile driving by numerical cavity expansion", Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 23(11), 1121-1140. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(199909)23:11<1121::AID-NAG28>3.0.CO;2-Y.
  33. Malhotra, S. (2002), "Axial load capacity of pipe piles in sand: revisited", Proceedings of International Deep Foundations Congress 2002, Orlando, FL, USA, February.
  34. Paik, K.H. and Lee, S.R. (1993), "Behavior of soil plugs in open-ended model piles driven into sands", Mar. Georesour. Geotech., 11, 353-373. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641199309379929.
  35. Paik, K. and Salgado, R. (2003), "Determination of bearing capacity of open-ended piles in sand", J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 129(1), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:1(46).
  36. Paik, K. and Salgado, R. (2004), "Effect of Pile Installation Method on Pipe Pile Behavior in Sands", Geotech. Test. J., 27(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11268J
  37. Paikowsky, S.G. (1989), "A static evaluation of soil plug behaviour with application to the pile plugging problem", ScD. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA.
  38. Paikowsky, S.G. (1990), "The mechanism of pile plugging in sand", Proceedings of the 22nd Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, USA, May.
  39. Pucker, T. and Grabe, J. (2012), "Numerical simulation of the installation process of full displacement piles", Comput. Geotech., 45, 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.05.006.
  40. Qiu, G., Henke, S. and Grabe, J. (2011), "Application of a Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach on geomechanical problems involving large deformations", Comput. Geotech., 38, 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2010.09.002.
  41. Randolph, M.F., Leong, E.C. and Houlsby, G.T. (1991), "One-dimensional analysis of soil plugs in pipe piles", Geotechnique, 41(4), 587-598. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1991.41.4.587.
  42. Randolph, M.F., May, M., Leong, E.C., Hyden, A.M. and Murff, J.D. (1992), "Soil plug response in open ended pipe piles", J. Geotech. Eng., 118(5), 743-759. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1992)118:5(743).
  43. Randolph, M.F. and Wroth, C.P. (1981), "Application of the failure state in undrained simple shear to the shaft capacity of driven piles", Geotechnique, 31(1), 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1981.31.1.143.
  44. Rauche, F. (2000), "Keynote lecture: Pile driving equipment: Capabilities and properties", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Application of Stress-Wave Theory to Piles, Sao Paulo, Brazil, September.
  45. Seo, H. and Kim, M. (2017), "Soil plug behavior of open-ended pipe piles during installation", DFI Journal - The Journal of the Deep Foundations Institute, 11(2-3), 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/19375247.2018.1448552.
  46. Szechy, C.H. (1959), "Tests with tubular piles", Acta Technica. 24, 181-219.
  47. Tho, K.K., Leung, C.F., Chow, Y.K. and Swaddiwudhipong, S. (2012), "Eulerian finite-element technique for analysis of jack-up spudcan penetration", J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 12(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000111.
  48. Tho, K.K., Chen, Z., Leung, C.F. and Chow, Y.K. (2014), "Enhanced analysis of pile flexural behaviour due to installation of adjacent pile", Can. Geotech. J., 51(6), 705-711. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0215.
  49. Tolooiyan, A. and Gavin, K. (2011), "Modelling the cone penetration test in sand using cavity expansion and arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian finite element methods", Comput. Geotech., 38, 482-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.02.012.
  50. White, D.J., Schneider, J.A. and Lehane, B.M. (2005), "The influence of effective area ratio on shaft friction of displacement piles in sand", Proceedings of the International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (IS-FOG 2005), Perth, Australia, September.
  51. Yamahara, H. (1964), "Plugging effects and bearing mechanism of steel pipe piles", Transportation of the Architectural Institute of Japan, 96, 28-35. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.96.0_28
  52. Yi, J.T., Lee, F.H., Goh, S.H., Zhang, X.Y. and Wu, J.F. (2012), "Eulerian finite element analysis of excess pore pressure generated by spudcan installation into soft clay", Comput. Geotech., 42, 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.01.006.
  53. Yu, F. and Yang, M. (2012), "Base Capacity of Open-Ended Steel Pipe Piles in Sand", J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 138(9), 1116 -1128. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000667.
  54. Zhao, Y. and Liu, H. (2015), "The drag effects on the penetration behavior of drag anchors during installation", Ocean Eng., 109, 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.09.011.