International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security

International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security (국제컴퓨터통신보호논문지학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

ACCB- Adaptive Congestion Control with backoff Algorithm for CoAP

  • Deshmukh, Sneha (Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering, NMIMS Deemed-to-be University) ;
  • Raisinghani, Vijay T. (Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering, NMIMS Deemed-to-be University)
  • Received : 2022.10.05
  • Published : 2022.10.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a standardized protocol by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for the Internet of things (IoT). IoT devices have limited computation power, memory, and connectivity capabilities. One of the significant problems in IoT networks is congestion control. The CoAP standard has an exponential backoff congestion control mechanism, which may not be adequate for all IoT applications. Each IoT application would have different characteristics, requiring a novel algorithm to handle congestion in the IoT network. Unnecessary retransmissions, and packet collisions, caused due to lossy links and higher packet error rates, lead to congestion in the IoT network. This paper presents an adaptive congestion control protocol for CoAP, Adaptive Congestion Control with a Backoff algorithm (ACCB). AACB is an extension to our earlier protocol AdCoCoA. The proposed algorithm estimates RTT, RTTVAR, and RTO using dynamic factors instead of fixed values. Also, the backoff mechanism has dynamic factors to estimate the RTO value on retransmissions. This dynamic adaptation helps to improve CoAP performance and reduce retransmissions. The results show ACCB has significantly higher goodput (49.5%, 436.5%, 312.7%), packet delivery ratio (10.1%, 56%, 23.3%), and transmission rate (37.7%, 265%, 175.3%); compare to CoAP, CoCoA+ and AdCoCoA respectively in linear scenario. The results show ACCB has significantly higher goodput (60.5%, 482%,202.1%), packet delivery ratio (7.6%, 60.6%, 26%), and transmission rate (40.9%, 284%, 146.45%); compare to CoAP, CoCoA+ and AdCoCoA respectively in random walk scenario. ACCB has similar retransmission index compare to CoAp, CoCoA+ and AdCoCoA respectively in both the scenarios.

Keywords

References

  1. E. Ancillotti and R. Bruno, "Comparison of CoAP and CoCoA+ congestion control mechanisms for different IoT application scenarios," 2017 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Heraklion, 2017, pp. 1186-1192, DOI: 10.1109/ISCC.2017.8024686..
  2. I. Jarvinen, L. Daniel and M. Kojo, "Experimental evaluation of alternative congestion control algorithms for Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)," 2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Milan, 2015, pp. 453-458, DOI: 10.1109/WF-IoT.2015.7389097.
  3. S. Bolettieri, G. Tanganelli, C. Vallati, and E. Mingozzi, "pCoCoA: A precise congestion control algorithm for CoAP," Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 80, pp. 116-129, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2018.06.015
  4. E. Ancillotti, R. Bruno, C. Vallati and E. Mingozzi, "Design and Evaluation of a Rate-Based Congestion Control Mechanism in CoAP for IoT Applications," 2018 IEEE 19th International Symposium on "A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks" (WoWMoM), Chania, 2018, pp. 14-15, DOI: 10.1109/WoWMoM.2018.8449736.
  5. A. Betzler, C. Gomez, I. Demirkol and J. Paradells, "CoAP congestion control for the internet of things," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 154-160, July 2016, DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2016.7509394.
  6. R. Bhalerao, S. S. Subramanian and J. Pasquale, "An analysis and improvement of congestion control in the CoAP Internet-of-Things protocol," 2016 13th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, 2016, pp. 889-894, DOI: 10.1109/CCNC.2016.7444906.
  7. Balandina E., Koucheryavy Y., Gurtov A. (2013) Computing the Retransmission Timeout in CoAP. In: Balandin S., Andreev S., Koucheryavy Y. (eds) Internet of Things, Smart Spaces, and Next Generation Networking. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8121. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  8. Lee, Jung June, Kyung Tae Kim, and Hee Yong Youn. "Enhancement of Congestion Control of Constrained Application Protocol/Congestion Control/Advanced for Internet of Things Environment." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, (November 2016).
  9. Vishal Rathod, Natasha Jeppu, Samanvita Sastry, Shruti Singala, Mohit P. Tahiliani, CoCoA++: Delay gradient based congestion control for Internet of Things, Future Generation Computer Systems, Volume 100, 2019, Pages 1053-1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.04.054
  10. E. Ancillotti and R. Bruno, "BDP-CoAP: Leveraging Bandwidth-Delay Product for Congestion Control in CoAP," 2019 IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Limerick, Ireland, 2019, pp. 656-661, DOI: 10.1109/WF-IoT.2019.8767177.
  11. Bormann, C., Betzler, A., Gomez, C., & Demirkol, I. (2017). "CoAP simple congestion control/advanced." Working Draft, IETF Secretariat, Internet-Draft draft-bormann-core-cocoa-01.
  12. Shelby, Z., K. Hartke, and C. Bormann. "The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)." (2014).
  13. August Betzler, Carles Gomez, Ilker Demirkol, Josep Paradells, "CoCoA+: An advanced congestion control mechanism for CoAP," Ad Hoc Networks, Volume 33, 2015, Pages 126-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2015.04.007
  14. Bolettieri S, Vallati C, Tanganelli G, Mingozzi E. Highlighting some shortcomings of the CoCoA+ congestion control algorithm. In: Ad-hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks: 16th International Conference onAdHocNetworks and Wireless, ADHOC-NOW2017, Messina, Italy, September 20-22, 2017, Proceedings. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2017:213-220.
  15. R. Ludwig and K. Sklower "The Eifel Retransmission Timer," ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Vol. 30, Issue 3, pp. 17-27, July 2000.
  16. Pasi Sarolahti and Alexey Kuznetsov. 2002. Congestion Control in Linux TCP. In Proceedings of the FREENIX Track: 2002 USENIX Annual Technical Conference. USENIX Association, USA, 2002, pp. 49-62.
  17. H. Ekstrom and R. Ludwig, "The Peak-Hopper: A New End-to-End Retransmission Timer for Reliable Unicast Transport," Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 2004, vol. 4, Mar. 2004, pp. 2502-13.
  18. N. Cardwell, Y. Cheng, C. S. Gunn, S. H. Yeganeh, and V. Jacobson, "BBR: Congestion-Based Congestion Control," ACM Queue, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 50:20-50:53, October 2016.
  19. T. Winter, P. Thubert, A. Brandt, T. Clausen, J. Hui, R. Kelsey, P. Levis, K. Pister, R. Struik, and J. Vasseur, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks," IETF RFC 6550, March 2012.
  20. The official web page of the Cooja simulator in Contiki OS, URI: http://www.contiki-os.org/. Retrieved on 08.04.2020.
  21. R Core Team (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
  22. CCLCA Soulmaz Gheisari, Ehsan Tahavori, "CCCLA: A cognitive approach for congestion control in Internet of Things using a game of learning automata," Computer Communications, Volume 147, 2019, Pages 40-49, ISSN 0140-3664, doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2019.08.017.
  23. DEMIR, Alper Kamil, and Fatih ABUT. "mlCoCoA: a machine learning-based congestion control for CoAP," Turkish Journal of electrical engineering & computer sciences,2018. doi:10.3906/elk-
  24. Akpakwu GA, Hancke GP, Abu-Mahfouz AM. "CACC: Context-aware congestion control approach for lightweight CoAP/UDP-based Internet of Things traffic," Transaction Emerging Tel Tech. 2019; e3822. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.3822.
  25. F. Ouakasse and S. Rakrak, "An improved adaptive CoAP congestion control algorithm," Int. J. Online Eng., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 96-109, 2019.
  26. E. Ancillotti, S. Bolettieri, and R. Bruno, "RTT-based congestion control for the internet of things," in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2018, vol. 10866 LNCS, pp. 3-15.
  27. V. J. Rathod, S. Krishnam, A. Kumar, G. Baraskar, and M. P. Tahiliani, "Effective RTO estimation using Eifel Retransmission Timer in CoAP," Proc. CONECCT 2020 - 6th IEEE Int. Conf. Electron. Comput. Commun. Technol., no. ii, 2020.
  28. S. Deshmukh and V. T. Raisinghani, "AdCoCoA- Adaptive Congestion Control Algorithm for CoAP," 2020 11th Int. Conf. Comput. Commun. Netw. Technol. ICCCNT 2020, 2020.
  29. G. A. Akpakwu, G. P. Hancke, and A. M. Abu-Mahfouz, "CACC: Context-aware congestion control approach for lightweight CoAP/UDP-based Internet of Things traffic," Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1-19, 2020.
  30. I. Jarvinen, I. Raitahila, Z. Cao, and M. Kojo, "FASOR Retransmission Timeout and Congestion Control Mechanism for CoAP," in 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2018 - Proceedings, 2019.
  31. S. Bansal and D. Kumar, "Distance-based congestion control mechanism for CoAP in IoT," IET Commun., vol. 14, no. 19, pp. 3512-3520, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2020.0486
  32. D. H. Hoang and T. T. D. Le, "RCOAP: A Rate Control Scheme for Reliable Bursty Data Transfer in IoT Networks," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 169281-169298, 2021, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3135435.
  33. Godfrey A. Akpakwu & Gerhard P. Hancke & Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz, 2022. "An optimization-based congestion control for constrained application protocol," International Journal of Network Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 32(1), January. DOI: 10.1002/nem.2178.