Wind and Structures

  • 제35권3호
  • /
  • Pages.157-175
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 1226-6116(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1598-6225(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Minimization of wind load on setback tall building using multiobjective optimization procedure

  • Bairagi, Amlan Kumar (Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology) ;
  • Dalui, Sujit Kumar (Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology)
  • 투고 : 2021.12.05
  • 심사 : 2022.09.06
  • 발행 : 2022.09.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

This paper highlights the minimization of drag and lift coefficient of different types both side setback tall buildings by the multi-objective optimization technique. The present study employed 48 number both-side setback models for simulation purposes. This study adopted three variables to find the two objective functions. Setback height and setback distances from the top of building models are considered variables. The setback distances are considered between 10-40% and setback heights are within 6-72% from the top of the models. Another variable is wind angles, which are considered from 0° to 90° at 15° intervals according to the symmetry of the building models. Drag and lift coefficients according to the different wind angles are employed as the objective functions. Therefore 336 number population data are used for each objective function. Optimum models are compared with computational simulation and found good agreements of drag and lift coefficient. The design wind angle variation of the optimum models is considered for drag and lift study on the main square model. The drag and lift data of the square model are compared with the optimum models and found the optimized models are minimizing the 45-65% drag and 25-60% lift compared to the initial square model.

키워드

과제정보

The authors thank the editor for deciding the manuscript in the reputed journal. The authors also thank the reviewers for the valuable comments on the manuscript.

참고문헌

  1. Abu-Zidan, Y., Mendis, P. and Gunawardena, T. (2021), "Optimising the computational domain size in CFD simulations of tall buildings", Heliyon, 7(4), e06723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06723.
  2. Abdelfatah, N., Elawady, A., Irwin, P. and Chowdhury, A.G. (2020), "Wind pressure distribution on single-story and twostory elevated structures", 5th Residential Building Design & Construction Conference, Pennsylvania.
  3. Alminhana, G. Wienandts, B., Alexandre L. and Loredo-Souza, A. (2018), "A numerical study on the aerodynamic performance of building cross-sections using corner modifications", Latin Amer. J. Solids Struct., 15(7). https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78254871.
  4. Ansys 15 (2013), ANSYS Fluent Theory Guide 15. Ansys Inc.
  5. ASCE/SEI: 7-10 (2010), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineering.
  6. AS/NZS: 1170.2 (2002), Structural Design Actions, Part 2: Wind Actions, Sydney, Wellington: Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand.
  7. Baghaei D.A. and Eghbali S.R. (2019), "Study on aerodynamic shape optimization of tall buildings using architectural modifications in order to reduce wake region", Wind Struct., 29(2), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2019.29.2.139.
  8. Bairagi, A.K. and Dalui, S.K. (2018), "Comparison of aerodynamic coefficients of setback tall buildings due to wind load", Asian J. Civil Eng., 19(2), 205-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-018-0018-3.
  9. Bairagi, A.K. and Dalui, S.K. (2020a), "Spectral density at roof of setback tall building due to time variant wind load", 21-29, In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering Advances in Computational Methods in Manufacturing. Bangalore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3254-2_3.
  10. Bairagi, A.K. and Dalui, S.K. (2020b), "Forecasting of wind induced pressure on setback building using artificial neural network". Periodica Polytechnica Civil Eng., 64(3), 751-763. doi: 10.3311/ppci.15769.
  11. Bairagi, A.K. and Dalui, S.K. (2021a), "Prediction of pressure coefficient on setback building by artificial neural network", Canadian J. Civil Eng., 48(10), 1364-1385. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2020-0100.
  12. Bairagi, A.K. and Dalui, S.K. (2021b), "Wind environment around the setback building models", Build. Simulat., 14(10), 1525-1541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-020-0758-3.
  13. Bairagi, A.K. and Dalui, S.K. (2022), "Prediction of pressure coefficient of setback building using back-propagation neural networks", Recent Adv. Comput. Experiment. Mech., I, 249-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6738-1_21.
  14. Balogh, B. and Logo, J. (2014), "Optimal design of curved folded plates", Periodica Polytechnica Civil Eng., 4, 423-430. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.7856.
  15. Castro, H.G., Paz, R.R., Mroginski, J.L. and Storti, M.A. (2017), "Evaluation of the proper coherence representation in random flow generation based methods", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 168(12), 211-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.06.009.
  16. Catarelli R.A., Fernandez-Caban P.L., Phillips B.M., Bridge J.A., Masters F.J., Gurley K.R. and Prevatt D.O. (2020), "Automation and new capabilities in the University of Florida NHERI boundary layer wind tunnel", Front. Built Environ., 6(9), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.558151.
  17. Chan, C.M., Ding, F., Tse, K.T., Huang, M.F., Shum K.M. and Kwok K.C.S. (2019), "Optimal wind-induced load combinations for structural design of tall buildings", Wind Struct., 29(5), 323-337.
  18. Chay, M.T., Wilson, R. and Albermani, F. (2008), "Gust occurrence in simulated non-stationary winds", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 96(10-11), 2161-2172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2008.02.059.
  19. Cheng, F.Y. and Gu, Y. (1999), "Multi-objective optimum design of structures with genetic algorithm and game theory: application to life-cycle cost", Comput. Mech. Struct. Eng., 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008043008-9/50039-9.
  20. Chiandussi, G., Codegone, M.F.S and Varesio, F.E. (2012), "Comparison of multi-objective optimization methodologies for engineering applications", Comput. Mathem. Appl., 63(5), 912-942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2011.11.057.
  21. Ding, F. and Kareem, A. (2018), "A multi-fidelity shape optimization via surrogate modeling for civil structures", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 178(4), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.04.022.
  22. Elshaer, A. and Bitsuamlak, G. (2018), "Multiobjective aerodynamic optimization of tall building openings for windinduced load reduction", J. Struct. Eng., 144(10), 4018198. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002199
  23. Elshaer, A., Bitsuamlak, G. and Damatty, A.E. (2016), "Aerodynamic shape optimization of tall buildings using twisting and corner modifications", In 8th International Colloquium on Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Applications, 8-11 June. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-11-151.
  24. Elshaer, A., Bitsuamlak, G. and Damatty, A.E. (2017), "Enhancing wind performance of tall buildings using corner aerodynamic optimization", Eng. Struct., 136(10), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.01.019.
  25. EN 1991-1-4:2005/AC:2010(E). (2010), "European committee for standardization (CEN). Eurocode 1: Actions on structures-part 1-4: General actions-Wind actions", Europ. Standard.
  26. Feng C., Chowdhury A.G., Elawady A., Chen D., Azzi Z. and Vutukuru K.S. (2020), "Experimental assessment of wind loads on roof-to-wall connections for residential buildings", Front. Built. Environ., 6(10), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.00001
  27. Fernandez-Caban P.L., Masters F.J. and Phillips B.M. (2018), "Predicting roof pressures on a low-rise structure from freestream turbulence using artificial neural networks", Front. Built Environ., 4(68). https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2018.00068.
  28. Ferziger, J.H, Peri, M. and Street, R.L. (2002), Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics. Springer.
  29. Fogel, D.B., Liu, D. and Keller, J.M. (2016), Fundamentals of Computational Intelligence Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Evolutionary Computation, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119214403.
  30. Franke, J., Hellsten, A., Schlunzen, H. and Carissimo, B. (2010), "The best practise guideline for the CFD simulation of flows in the urban environment: an outcome of cost 732", In The Fifth International Symposium on Computational Wind Engineering (CWE2010), 1-10.
  31. Feng C., Chowdhury A.G., Elawady A., Chen D., Azzi Z. and Vutukuru K.S. (2020), "Experimental assessment of wind loads on roof-to-wall connections for residential buildings", Frontiers Built Environ., 6(10), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.00010.
  32. Gholizadeh, S. (2015), "Performance-based optimum seismic design of steel structures by a modified firefly algorithm and a new neural network", Adv. Eng. Softw., 81(C), 50-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2014.11.003.
  33. Gimenez, J.M. and Bre, F. (2019), "Optimization of RANS turbulence models using genetic algorithms to improve the prediction of wind pressure coefficients on low-rise buildings", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 193(7), 103978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.103978.
  34. Genetic Algorithm and Direct Search Tool box, MATLAB User's Guide Version: 1, (2004), The MathWorks, Inc.
  35. Huang, Z. and Gu, M. (2019), "Estimation of peak factor and gust factor of nonstationary wind speed", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 193(7), 103953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.103953.
  36. I.S: 875 (Part-3) (2015), Indian Standard Code of Practice for the Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures (Part-3. Wind Loads) New Delhi, India, Bureau of Indian Standards.
  37. Kar, R., Dalui, S.K. and Bhattacharjya, S. (2019), "An efficient optimization approach for wind interference effect on octagonal tall building", Wind Struct., 28(2), 111-128. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2019.28.2.111.
  38. Kaseb, Z., Hafezi, M., Tahbaz, M. and Delfani, S. (2020), "A framework for pedestrian-level wind conditions improvement in urban areas: CFD simulation and optimization", Build. Environ., 184(4), 107191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107191.
  39. Kaveh, A., Kamalinejad, M., Biabani H.K. and Arzani, H. (2021), "Quantum teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm for sizing optimization of skeletal structures with discrete variables", Structures, 32(1), 1798-1819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.03.046.
  40. Kaveh, A and Kooshkbaghi, M (2019), "Enhanced artificial coronary circulation system algorithm for truss optimization with multiple natural frequency constraints", Periodica Polytechnica Civil Eng., 63(2), 362-376.
  41. Kaveh, A and Raeissidehkordi, M. (2002), "RBF and BP neural networks used for the design of domes", Space Struct., 5, 469-478.
  42. Kaveh, A., Zaerreza, A. and Hosseini, S.M. (2021), "Enhanced versions of the shuffled shepherd optimization algorithm for the optimal design of skeletal structures", Eng. Comput., 29(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-021-01292-z.
  43. Kim, W., Yoshida, A. and Tamura, Y. (2019), "Wind-induced aerodynamic instability of super-tall buildings with various cross-sectional shapes", Int. J. High-Rise Build., 8(4), 303-311.
  44. Kim, Y.C. and Kanda, J. (2013), "Wind pressures on tapered and set-back tall buildings", J. Fluids Struct., 39, 306-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2013.02.008.
  45. Kim, Y.C., Xu, X., Yang, Q. and Tamura, Y. (2019), "Shape effects on aerodynamic and pedestrian-level wind characteristics and optimization for tall and super-tall building design", Int. J. High-Rise Build., 8(4), 235-253.
  46. Kumar, D. and Dalui, S.K. (2021), "Aerodynamic modifications for reduction of wind loads on cross plan shaped tall building", Wind Struct., 33(2), 123-139.
  47. Liang, S., Li, Q.S., Liu, S., Zhang, L. and Gu, M. (2004), "Torsional dynamic wind loads on rectangular tall buildings", Eng. Struct., 26(1), 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2003.09.004.
  48. Lilly, D.K. (1992), "A proposed modification of the germano subgrid-scale closure method", Physics Fluids A, 4(3), 633-635. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.858280.
  49. Liu, J., Zhang, X., Niu, J. and Tse, K.T. (2019), "Pedestrian-level wind and gust around buildings with a 'lift-up' design: assessment of influence from surrounding buildings by adopting LES", Build. Simul., 12(6), 1107-1118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-019-0541-5
  50. Liu, J., Heidarinejad, M., Pitchurov, G., Zhang, L. and Srebric, J. (2018), "An extensive comparison of modified zero-equation, standard k-ε, and LES models in predicting urban air flow", Sustain. Cities Soc., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.03.010.
  51. Meng, Y and Hibi, K (1998), "Turbulent measurements of the flow field around a high-rise building", J. Wind Eng., 76, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.5359/jawe.1998.76_55.
  52. Montoya, M.C., Nieto F. and Hernandez S. (2021), "Multi objective shape optimization of tall buildings considering profitability and multidirectional wind induced accelerations using CFD, surrogates, and the reduced basis approach", Wind Struct., 32(4), 355-369.
  53. Mukherjee, S. and Bairagi, A.K. (2020), "Power spectral density on principal building due to setback interfering building", 119-126, In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering Advances in Computational Methods in Manufacturing. Bangalore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3254-2_12.
  54. Micheli, L., Alipour, A., Laflamme, S. and Sarkar, P. (2019), "Performance-based design with life-cycle cost assessment for damping systems integrated in wind excited tall buildings", Eng. Struct., 195(6), 438-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.04.009.
  55. Noormohamadian, M. and Salajegheh, E. (2021), "Evaluation and minimization of moment coefficient of tall buildings with trilateral cross-section via a surrogate model", SN Appl. Sci., 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04128-5.
  56. Papanicolaou, C.G. and Papantoniou, I.C. (2016), Optimum Design of Textile-Reinforced Concrete as Integrated Formwork in Slabs. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-446-8.00012-4.
  57. Paul, R. and Dalui, S.K. (2020), "Shape optimization to reduce wind pressure on the surfaces of a rectangular building with horizontal limbs", Periodica Polytechnica Civil Eng., 65(1), 134-149.
  58. Paul, R. and Dalui, S.K. (2021), "Optimization of along wind and crosswind force coefficients on a tall building with horizontal limbs using surrogate modeling", Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build., 30(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1830.
  59. Paul R. and Dalui S.K. (2022), "Aerodynamic shape optimization of a high-rise rectangular building with wing", Wind Struct., 34(3), 259-274. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2022.34.3.259.
  60. Qiu, Y., San, B. and Zhao, Y. (2019), "Numerical simulation and optimization of wind effects of porous parapets on low-rise buildings with flat roofs", Adv. Civil Eng., 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3402613.
  61. Rajasekarababu, K.B., Vinayagamurthy, G. and Selvi R.S. (2019), "Experimental and computational investigation of outdoor wind flow around a setback building", Build. Simulat., 12(5), 891-904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-019-0514-8.
  62. Ramponi, R. and Blocken, B. (2012), "CFD simulation of crossventilation for a generic isolated building: impact of computational parameters", Build. Environ., 53, 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.01.004.
  63. Rej, A. and Bairagi, A.K. (2020), "Wind load analysis of a tall structure with sharp and corner cut edges", 175-183, Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering Advances in Computational Methods in Manufacturing. Bangalore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3254-2_17.
  64. Sanjaya, Y., Priambodo, D., Sarli, P.W. and Setio, H.D. (2020), "The effect of street canyon width towards wind flow in between high-rise buildings", In IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 930. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/930/1/012044.
  65. Sanyal, P. and Dalui, S.K. (2020), "Comparison of aerodynamic coefficients of various types of y-plan-shaped tall buildings", Asian J. Civil Eng., (0123456789). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-020-00265-9.
  66. Shirzadi, M., Mirzaei, P.A. and Naghashzadegan, M. (2017), "Improvement of k-epsilon turbulence model for CFD simulation of atmospheric boundary layer around a high-rise building using stochastic optimization and Monte Carlo sampling technique", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 171(10), 366-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.10.107.
  67. Shirzadi, M., Mirzaei, P.A., Naghashzadegan, M. and Tominaga, Y. (2018), "Modelling enhancement of cross-ventilation in sheltered buildings using stochastic optimization", Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 118(10), 758-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.10.005.
  68. Simiu, E. and Yeo, D.H. (1969), Wind Effects on Structures Modern Structural Design for Wind. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  69. Singh, J. and Roy, A.K. (2019), "Effects of roof slope and wind direction on wind pressure distribution on the roof of a square plan pyramidal low-rise building using CFD simulation", Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng., 11(2), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-019-0227-3.
  70. Sivanandam, S.N. and Deepa, S.N. (2008), Introduction to Genetic Algorithms. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, New York.
  71. Tamura, Y., Tanaka, H., Ohtake, K., Kim, Y.C., Yoshida, A., Bandi, E.K., Xu, X. and Yang, Q. (2015), "Aerodynamic control of wind-induced vibrations and flow around super-tall buildings", In 6th International Conference on Advances in Experimental Structural Engineering. Urbana-Champaign, United State.
  72. Tanaka, H., Tamura, Y., Ohtake, K., Nakai, M. and Chul K.Y. (2012), "Experimental investigation of aerodynamic forces and wind pressures acting on tall buildings with various unconventional configurations", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 107, 179-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2012.04.014.
  73. Tominaga, Y., Mochida, A., Murakami, S. and Sawaki, S. (2008a), "Comparison of various revised k-ε models and les applied to flow around a high-rise building model with 1:1:2 shape placed within the surface boundary layer", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 96(4), 389-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2008.01.004.
  74. Tominaga, Y., Mochida, A., Yoshie, R., Kataoka, H., Nozu, T., Yoshikawa, M. and Shirasawa, T. (2008b), "AIJ guidelines for practical applications of CFD to pedestrian wind environment around buildings", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 96(10-11), 1749-1761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2008.02.058.
  75. Tominaga, Y. and Stathopoulos, T. (2010), "Numerical simulation of dispersion around an isolated cubic building: model evaluation of RANS and LES", Build. Environ., 45(10), 2231-2239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.04.004.
  76. Tse, K.T., Hu, G., Song, J., Park, H.S. and Kim, B. (2020), "Effects of corner modifications on wind loads and local pressures on walls of tall buildings", Build. Simulat., https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-020-0705-3.
  77. Vasilopoulos, K., Sarris, I.E. and Tsoutsanis, P. (2019), "Assessment of air flow distribution and hazardous release dispersion around a single obstacle using Reynolds-averaged Navier-stokes equations", Heliyon, 5(4), e01482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01482.
  78. Venanzi, I., Ierimonti L. and Caracoglia L. (2020), "Life-cyclecost optimization for the wind load design of tall buildings equipped with TMDs", Wind Struct., 30(4), 379-392.
  79. Wang, J., Van P., Pham, Y.Q. and Tamura, Y. (2020), "LES study of wind pressure and flow characteristics of flat-roof-mounted solar arrays", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 198(6), 104096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104096.
  80. Wang, Q., Qiao, H., De D., Dario, Z.Z. and Xie, Z. (2019), "Windinduced response control of high-rise buildings using inerterbased vibration absorbers", Appl. Sci. (Switzerland), 9(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235045.
  81. Whiteman M.L., Fernandez-Caban P.L., Phillips B.M., Masters F.J., Bridge J.A. and Davis J.R. (2018), "Multi-objective optimal design of a building envelope and structural system using cyber-physical modeling in a wind tunnel", Front. Built Environ., 4(3), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2018.00013.
  82. Weerasuriya, A.U., Zhang, X., Lu, B., Tse, K.T. and Liu, C.H. (2020), "Optimizing lift-up design to maximize pedestrian wind and thermal comfort in 'hot-calm' and 'cold-windy' climates", Sustain. Cities Soc., 58(3), 102146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102146.
  83. Wu, X., Jafari, M., Sarkar, P. and Sharma, A. (2020), "Verification of DES for flow over rigidly and elastically-mounted circular cylinders in normal and yawed flow", J. Fluids Struct., 94, 102895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2020.102895.
  84. Xie, J. (2014), "Aerodynamic optimization of super-tall buildings and its effectiveness assessment", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerody., 130, 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.04.004.
  85. Xie, J. and Yang, X. (2019), "Exploratory study on wind-adaptable design for super-tall buildings", Wind Struct., 29(6), 489-497. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2019.29.6.489.
  86. Yin, C., Luo, X. and Kareem, A. (2021), "Probabilistic evolution of stochastic dynamical systems: a meso-scale perspective", Struct. Safety, 89(3), 102045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2020.102045
  87. Yoshie, R., Jiang G., Shirasawa T. and Chung J. (2011), "CFD simulations of gas dispersion around high-rise building in nonisothermal boundary layer", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 99(4), 279-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2011.01.006.
  88. Zhang, B., Ooka, R. and Kikumoto, H. (2021), "Identification of three-dimensional flow features around a square-section building model via spectral proper orthogonal decomposition", Physics Fluids, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0041395.
  89. Zhang, X., Weerasuriya, A.U., Zhang, X., Tse, K.T., Lu, B., Li, C.Y. and Liu, C.H. (2020), "Pedestrian wind comfort near a super-tall building with various configurations in an urban-like setting", Build. Simulation, 13(6), 1385-1408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-019-0588-3.
  90. Zhang, X., Weerasuriya, A.U., Lu, B., Tse, K.T., Liu, C.H. and Tamura, Y. (2019), "Pedestrian-level wind environment near a super-tall building with unconventional configurations in a regular urban area", Build. Simulat., 13(2), 439-456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-020-0658-6.
  91. Zhao, R., Xu, A., Sun, W. and Lan, X. (2017), "Model shape correction method for high-frequency force balance technique", J. Vibroeng., 19(3), 1665-1679. https://doi.org/10.21595/jve.2017.17938.
  92. Zu, G. and Lam, K.M. (2018), "LES and wind tunnel test of flow around two tall buildings in staggered arrangement", Comput., 6(2), https://doi.org/10.3390/computation6020028.
  93. Zhou, T. Yang, Q., Yan, B., Deng, X. and Yuan, Y. (2022), "Detached eddy simulation of turbulent flow fields over steep hilly terrain", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 221(104906), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.104906.