Structural Engineering and Mechanics

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Machine learning techniques for prediction of ultimate strain of FRP-confined concrete

  • Tijani, Ibrahim A. (Applied Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Structures (ALAMS), School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia) ;
  • Lawal, Abiodun I. (Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Inha University) ;
  • Kwon, S. (Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Inha University)
  • Received : 2021.12.13
  • Accepted : 2022.08.27
  • Published : 2022.10.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

It is widely known that axially loaded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete presents significant and enhanced mechanical properties with reference to the unconfined concrete. Therefore, to predict the mechanical behavior of FRP-confined concrete two quantities-peak strength and ultimate strain are required. Despite the significant advances, the determination of the ultimate strain of FRP-confined concrete is one of the most challenging problems to be resolved. This is often attributed to our persistence in desiring the conventional methods as the sole technique to examine this phenomenon and the complex nature of the ultimate strain of FRP-confined concrete. To bridge the research gap, this study adopted two machine learning (ML) techniques-artificial neural network (ANN) and Gaussian process regression (GPR)-to analyze observations obtained from 627 datasets of FRP-confined concrete circular and non-circular sections under axial loading test. Besides, the techniques are also used to predict the ultimate strain of FRP-confined concrete. Seven parameters namely width/diameter of the specimens, corner radius ratio, the strength of concrete, FRP elastic modulus, FRP thickness, FRP tensile rupture strain, and the axial strain of unconfined concrete-are the input parameters used to predict the ultimate strain of FRP-confined concrete. The results of the current study highlight the merit of using AI techniques in structural engineering applications given their extraordinary ability to comprehend multidimensional phenomena of FRP-confined concrete structures with ease, low computational cost, and high performance over the existing empirical models.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by Korea Research Fellowship Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2019H1D3A1A01102993) and Inha University Research Grant (2022).

References

  1. Abbasnia, R. and Ziaadiny, H. (2010), "Behavior of concrete prisms confined with FRP composites under axial cyclic compression", Eng. Struct., 32(3), 648-655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.11.011.
  2. Adegoke, M., Wong, H.T. and Leung, C.S. (2021), "A fault aware broad learning system for concurrent network failure situations", IEEE Access, 9, 46129-46142. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3066217.
  3. Adegoke, M., Wong, H.T., Leung, C.S. and Sum, J. (2021), "Two noise-tolerant incremental learning algorithms for single-layer feed-forward neural networks", J. Ambient Intel. Humaniz. Comput., 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01488-8.
  4. Akogbe, R.K., Liang, M. and Wu, Z.M. (2011), "Size effect of axial compressive strength of cfrp confined concrete cylinders", Int. J. Concrete Struct. Mater., 5(1), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.4334/ijcsm.2011.5.1.049.
  5. Almusallam, T.H. (2007), "Behavior of normal and high-strength concrete cylinders confined with E-glass/epoxy composite laminates", Compos. Part B: Eng., 38(5-6), 629-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.06.021.
  6. Alpaydin, E. (2014), Introduction to Machine Learning, Third Edition, MIT Press.
  7. Ashrafian, A., Amiri, M.J.T., Rezaie-Balf, M., Ozbakkaloglu, T. and Lotfi-Omran, O. (2018), "Prediction of compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of fiber reinforced concrete incorporating nano silica using heuristic regression methods", Constr. Build. Mater., 190, 479-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.047.
  8. Benzaid, R., Chikh, N.E. and Mesbah, H. (2008), "Behaviour of square concrete column confined with GFRP composite warp", J. Civil Eng. Manage., 14(2), 115-120. https://doi.org/10.3846/1392-3730.2008.14.6.
  9. Cao, Y.G., Wu, Y.F. and Li, X.Q. (2016), "Unified model for evaluating ultimate strain of FRP confined concrete based on energy method", Constr. Build. Mater., 103, 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.042.
  10. Chaallal, O., Shahawy, M. and Hassan, M. (2003), "Performance of axially loaded short rectangular columns strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer wrapping", J. Compos. Constr., 7(3), 200-208. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:3(200).
  11. Claeskens, G. and Hjort N.L. (2001), Model Selection and Model Averaging, Cambridge University Press.
  12. Cui, C. and Sheikh, S.A. (2010), "Experimental study of normal-and high-strength concrete confined with fiber-reinforced polymers", J. Compos. Constr., 14(5), 553-561. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000116.
  13. Fine, T.L. (1999), Feedforward Neural Network Methodology, Springer, New York, NY.
  14. Gershman, S.J. and Blei, D.M. (2012), "A tutorial on bayesian nonparametric models", J. Math. Psych., 56(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2011.08.004.
  15. Harries, K.A. and Carey S.A. (2003), "Shape and "Gap" effects on the behavior of variably confined concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 33(6), 881-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01085-2.
  16. Ilki, A. and Kumbasar, N. (2003). "Compressive behaviour of carbon fibre composite jacketed concrete with circular and non-circular cross-sections", J. Earthq. Eng., 7(3), 381-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460309350455.
  17. Ilki, A., Kumbasar, N. and Koc, V. (2004), "Low strength concrete members externally confined with FRP sheets", Struct Eng. Mech., 18(2), 167-194. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2004.18.2.167.
  18. Ilki, A., Peker, O., Karamuk, E., Demir, C. and Kumbasar, N. (2008), "FRP retrofit of low and medium strength circular and rectangular reinforced concrete columns", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 20(2), 169-188. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:2(169).
  19. Jong, Y.H. and Lee, C.I. (2004), "Influence of geological conditions on the powder factor for tunnel blasting", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 41, 533-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.03.095.
  20. Karabinis, A.I. and Rousakis, T.C. (2002), "Concrete confined by FRP material: A plasticity approach", Eng. Struct., 24(7), 923-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00011-1.
  21. Lam, L. and Teng, J.G. (2003a), "Design-oriented stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete in rectangular columns", J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 22(13), 1149-1186. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684403035429.
  22. Lam, L. and Teng, J.G. (2003b), "Design-oriented stress-strain model for frp-confined concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 17(6-7), 471-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(03)00045-X.
  23. Lam, L. and Teng, J.G. (2004), "Ultimate condition of fiber reinforced polymer-confined concrete", J. Compos. Constr., 8(6), 539-548. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2004)8:6(539).
  24. Lam, L., Teng, J.G., Cheung, C.H. and Xiao, Y. (2006), "FRP-confined concrete under axial cyclic compression", Cement Concerete Compos., 28(10), 949-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.07.007.
  25. Lawal, A.I. (2020), "An artificial neural network-based mathematical model for the prediction of blast-induced ground vibration in granite quarries in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria", Scientif. Afri., 8, e00413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00413.
  26. Lawal, A.I., Aladejare, A.E., Onifade, M., Bada, S. and Idris, M.A. (2020), "Predictions of elemental composition of coal and biomass from their proximate analyses using ANFIS, ANN and MLR", Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol., 8, 124-140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-020-00346-9.
  27. Lawal, A.I. and Idris, M.A. (2020), "An artificial neural network-based mathematical model for the prediction of blast-induced ground vibrations", Int. J. Environ. Stud., 77(2), 318-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2019.1662186.
  28. Lawal, A.I. and Kwon, S. (2021), "Application of artificial intelligence in rock mechanics: An overview", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 13(1), 248-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2020.05.010.
  29. Lawal, A.I., Kwon, S., Hammed, O.S. and Idris, M.A. (2021a), "Blast-induced ground vibration prediction in granite quarries: An application of gene expression programming, ANFIS, and sine cosine algorithm optimized ANN", Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol., 31(2), 265-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2021.01.007.
  30. Lawal, A.I., Olajuyi, S.I., Kwon, S., Aladejare, A.E. and Edo, T.M. (2021b), "Prediction of blast-induced ground vibration using GPR and blast-design parameters optimization based on novel grey-wolf optimization algorithm", Acta Geophy., 69(4), 1313-1324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-021-00607-4.
  31. Lawal, A.I., Kwon, S., Aladejare, A.E. and Oniyide, G.O. (2022), "Prediction of the static and dynamic mechanical properties of sedimentary rock using GPR, ANN, and response surface method", Geomech. Eng., 28(3), 313-324. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2022.28.3.313.
  32. Li, P., Sui, L., Xing, F., Li, M., Zhou, Y.W. and Wu, Y.F. (2019), "Stress-Strain relation of FRP-confined predamaged concrete prisms with square sections of different corner radii subjected to monotonic axial compression", J. Compos. Constr., 23(2), 04019001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000921.
  33. Li, P., Wu, Y.F., Zhou, Y.W. and Xing, F. (2018), "Cyclic stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete considering post-peak softening", Compos. Struct., 201, 902-915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.06.088.
  34. Masia, M.J., Gale, T.N. and Shrive, N.G. (2004), "Size effects in axially loaded square-section concrete prisms strengthened using carbon fibre reinforced polymer wrapping", Can. J. Civil Eng., 31(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1139/l03-064.
  35. Mohammadi, M. and Wu, Y.F. (2017), "Triaxial test for concrete under non-uniform passive confinement", Constr. Build. Mater., 138, 455-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.032.
  36. Nistico, N., Pallini, F., Rousakis, T.C., Wu, Y.F. and Karabinis, A.I. (2014), "Peak strength and ultimate strain prediction for FRP confined square and circular concrete sections", Compos. Part B: Eng., 67, 543-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.07.026.
  37. Pessiki, S., Harries, K.A., Kestner, J.T., Sause, R. and Ricles, J.M. (2001), "Axial behavior of reinforced concrete columns confined with FRP jackets", J. Compos. Constr., 5(4), 237-245. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:4(237).
  38. Rochette, P. and Labossiere, P. (2000), "Axial testing of rectangular column models confined with composites", J. Compos. Constr., 4(3), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2000)4:3(129).
  39. Rousakis, T.C., Karabinis, A.I. and Kiousis, P.D. (2007), "FRP-confined concrete members: Axial compression experiments and plasticity modelling", Eng. Struct., 29(7), 1343-1353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.08.006.
  40. Rousakis, T.C. and Karabinis, A.I. (2008), "Substandard reinforced concrete members subjected to compression: FRP confining effects", Mater. Struct., 41(9), 1595-1611. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9351-4.
  41. Sadowski, L., Piechowka-Mielnik, M., Widziszowski, T., Gardynik, A. and Mackiewicz, S. (2019), "Hybrid ultrasonic-neural prediction of the compressive strength of environmentally friendly concrete screeds with high volume of waste quartz mineral dust", J. Clean. Prod., 212, 727-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.059.
  42. Said, K.O., Onifade, M., Lawal, A.I. and Githiria, J.M. (2020), "An artificial intelligence-based model for the prediction of spontaneous combustion liability of coal based on its proximate analysis", Combus. Sci. Technol., 193(13), 2350-2367. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2020.1736577.
  43. Schulz, E., Speekenbrink, M. and Krause A. (2018), "A tutorial on Gaussian process regression: modelling, exploring, and exploiting functions", J. Math. Psych., 85, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2018.03.001.
  44. Shahmansouri, A.A., Yazdani, M., Ghanbari, S., Bengar, H.A., Jafari, A. and Ghatte H.F. (2021), "Artificial neural network model to predict the compressive strength of eco-friendly geopolymer concrete incorporating silica fume and natural zeolite", J. Clean. Prod., 279, 123697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123697.
  45. Shan, B., Gui, F.C., Monti, G. and Xiao, Y. (2019), "Effectiveness of CFRP confinement and compressive strength of square concrete columns", J. Compos. Constr., 23(6), 04019043. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000967.
  46. Shehata, I.A.E.M., Carneiro, L.A.V. and Shehata, L.C.D. (2002), "Strength of short concrete columns confined with CFRP sheets", Mater. Struct., 35(1), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02482090.
  47. Tao, Z., Yu, Q. and Zhong, Y.Z. (2008), "Compressive behaviour of CFRP-confined rectangular concrete columns", Mag. Concrete Res., 60(10), 735-745. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2007.00115.
  48. Tijani, I.A., Jiang, C., Lim, C.W. and Wu, Y.F. (2020), "Effect of load eccentricity on the mechanical response of FRP-confined predamaged concrete under compression", J. Compos. Constr., 24(5), 04020057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001071.
  49. Tijani, I.A., Jiang C., Lim, C.W. and Wu, Y.F. (2022), "Eccentrically loaded concrete under nonuniform passive confinement", J. Struct. Eng., 148(1), 04021247. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003208.
  50. Tijani, I.A., Wu, Y.F. and Lim, C.W. (2019), "Aggregate size effects and general static loading response on mechanical behavior of passively confined concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 205, 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.164.
  51. Tijani, I.A., Wu, Y.F. and Lim, C.W. (2020a), "Effects of pre-damage on stress-strain relationship of partially confined concrete", ACI Struct. J., 118(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.14359/51728089.
  52. Tijani, I.A., Wu, Y.F. and Lim, C.W. (2020b), "Energy balance method for modeling ultimate strain of fiber-reinforced polymer-repaired concrete", Struct. Concrete, 21(2), 804-820. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900260.
  53. Wang, L.M. (2017), "Effect of corner radius on the performance of CFRP-confined square concrete columns", City University of Hong Kong.
  54. Wang, L.M. and Wu, Y.F. (2008), "Effect of corner radius on the performance of CFRP-confined square concrete columns: Test", Eng. Struct., 30(2), 493-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.04.016.
  55. Wang, Y.F. and Wu, H.L. (2011), "Size effect of concrete short columns confined with aramid FRP jackets", J. Compos. Constr., 15(4), 535-544. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000178.
  56. Wang, Y.F. and Wu, H.L. (2010), "Experimental investigation on square high-strength concrete short columns confined with AFRP sheets", J. Compos. Constr., 14(3), 346-351. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000090.
  57. Wang, Z., Wang, D. and Smith, S.T. (2012), "Size effect of square concrete columns confined with CFRP wraps", APFIS 2012- 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on FRP in Structures, February.
  58. Wei, Y.Y. and Wu, Y.F. (2012), "Unified stress-strain model of concrete for FRP-confined columns", Constr. Build. Mater., 26(1), 381-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.037.
  59. Williams, C.K. (1998), "Prediction with Gaussian processes: From linear regression to linear prediction and beyond", Learning in Graphical Models, Springer, Dordrecht.
  60. Wu, Y.F. and Cao, Y.G. (2017), "Energy balance method for modeling ultimate strain of confined concrete", ACI Struct. J., 114(2), 373-381. https://doi.org/10.14359/51689429.
  61. Wu, Y.F. and Jiang, C. (2013), "Effect of load eccentricity on the stress-strain relationship of FRP-confined concrete columns", Compos. Struct., 98, 228-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.11.023.
  62. Wu, Y.F. and Jiang, J.F. (2013). "Effective strain of FRP for confined circular concrete columns", Compos. Struct., 95, 479-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.08.021.
  63. Wu, Y.F. and Wei, Y.Y. (2010), "Effect of cross-sectional aspect ratio on the strength of CFRP-confined rectangular concrete columns", Eng. Struct., 32(1), 32-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.08.012.
  64. Wu, Y.F., Yun, Y., Wei, Y.Y. and Zhou, Y.W. (2014), "Effect of predamage on the stress-strain relationship of confined concrete under monotonic loading", J. Struct. Eng., 140(12), 04014093. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001015.
  65. Youcef, Y.S., Amziane, S. and Chemrouk, M. (2010), "Geometrical effect on the behavior of CFRP confined and unconfined concrete columns", J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 29(17), 2621-2635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684409357255.
  66. Zhang, D.J., Wang, Y.F. and Ma, Y.S. (2010), "Compressive behaviour of FRP-confined square concrete columns after creep", Eng. Struct., 32(8), 1957-1963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.02.023.