Structural Engineering and Mechanics

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Application of three-dimensional modified inclined braces to control soft-story buildings

  • Nodehi, Soroush (School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran) ;
  • Zahrai, Seyed Mehdi (School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran)
  • Received : 2021.12.27
  • Accepted : 2022.08.10
  • Published : 2022.09.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Despite its disadvantages, soft story can reduce the damage to the upper floors by concentrating drift in that specific story provided that large drifts are avoided. Gapped-Inclined Brace (GIB) with reduced P-delta effects and the control of soft story stiffness makes it possible to take advantage of the soft story in buildings and increase their capacity for energy dissipation. OpenSees software is used in this study to validate and modify the GIB model's shortcomings. Also, the analysis method for this element is changed for design. The modified element is evaluated in 3D analysis. Finally, to retrofit an existing building, this element is used. Based on the Iranian seismic code, a six-story reinforced concrete building is modelled and studied with 3D analysis. In this building, the construction shortcomings and elimination of infills on the ground floor cause the formation of a soft story. Results of nonlinear static analysis, nonlinear dynamic, and incremental dynamic analysis using both components of seismic acceleration applied to the structure at different angles and the fragility curves indicate the improvement of the retrofitted structure's performance using the modified element to reach the required performance level following the retrofit code.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors appreciate the Iran's National Elites Foundation (INEF) for supporting this research.

References

  1. ACI 318-14 (2014), ACI 318-14-Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
  2. Agha Beigi, H., Christopoulos, C., Sullivan, T. and Calvi, M. (2015), "Seismic response of a case study soft story frame retrofitted using a GIB system", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 44(7), 997-1014. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2496.
  3. Asteris, P.G., Repapis, C.C., Foskolos, F., Fotos, A. and Tsaris, A.K. (2017), "Fundamental period of infilled RC frame structures with vertical irregularity", Struct. Eng. Mech., 61(5), 663-674. http://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2017.61.5.663.
  4. ATC (2009), Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors, Fema P695, US Department of Homeland Security, FEMA.
  5. Athanatopoulou, A.M. (2005), "Critical orientation of three correlated seismic components", Eng. Struct., 27(2), 301-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.10.011.
  6. Beigi, H.A., Christopoulos, C., Sullivan, T. and Calvi, G.M. (2014), "Gapped-inclined braces for seismic retrofit of softstory buildings", J. Struct. Eng., 140(11), 04014080. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001006.
  7. Beigi, H.A., Christopoulos, C., Sullivan, T.J. and Calvi, G.M. (2016), "Cost-benefit analysis of buildings retrofitted using GIB systems", Earthq. Spectra, 32(2), 861-879. https://doi.org/10.1193/110914eqs185m.
  8. Benavent-Climent, A. and Mota-Paez, S. (2017), "Earthquake retrofitting of R/C frames with soft first story using hysteretic dampers: Energy-based design method and evaluation", Eng. Struct., 137, 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.01.053.
  9. Bertoldi, S.H., Decanini, L.D. and Gavarini, C. (1993), "Telai tamponati soggetti ad azioni sismiche un modelo semplificato confronto sperimentale e numerico", 6th Convegno Nazionale L'Ingegneria Sismica in Italia, 6, 815-824.
  10. Bojorquez, E. and Iervolino, I. (2011), "Spectral shape proxies and nonlinear structural response", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 31(7), 996-1008. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.03.006.
  11. Castaldo, P. and Amendola, G. (2021), "Optimal DCFP bearing properties and seismic performance assessment in nondimensional form for isolated bridges", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 50(9), 2442-2461. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3454.
  12. Castaldo, P. and De Iuliis, M. (2014), "Optimal integrated seismic design of structural and viscoelastic bracing-damper systems", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 43(12), 1809-1827. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2425.
  13. Castaldo, P., Tubaldi, E., Selvi, F. and Gioiella, L. (2021), "Seismic performance of an existing RC structure retrofitted with buckling restrained braces", J. Build. Eng., 33, 101688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101688.
  14. Charney, F.A. (2014), Seismic Loads-Guide to the Seismic Load Provisions of ASCE 7-10.
  15. Chopra, A.K. (2001), Dynamics of Structures, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education India.
  16. Crisafulli, F.J. (1997), "Seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures with masonry infills", Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
  17. Ebadi, P., Maghsoudi, A. and Mohamady, H. (2018), "Soft story retrofit of low-rise braced buildings by equivalent momentresisting frames", Struct. Eng. Mech., 68(5), 621-632. http://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2018.68.5.621.
  18. Eldawie, A.H. (2020), Collapse Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Frames Under Seismic Loading, The Ohio State University.
  19. Engineering, A. (2015), Technical and User's Manual of Advanced Engineering Building Module (AEBM) 'Hazus MH 2.1', Federal Emergency Management Agency, 121.
  20. Hessabi, R.M. and Mercan, O. (2015), "Application of gyro-mass dampers to mitigate the seismic failure in soft first story buildings", Structures Congress 2015-Proceedings of the 2015 Structures Congress, 2032-2043.
  21. Kaushik, H.B., Rai, D.C. and Jain, S.K. (2009), "Effectiveness of some strengthening options for masonry-infilled RC frames with open first story", J. Struct. Eng., 135(8), 925-937. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:9(728).
  22. Komur, M.A., Kara, M.E. and Deneme, I.O. (2020), "Infill wall effects on the dynamic characteristics of RC frame systems via operational modal analysis", Struct. Eng. Mech., 74(1), 121-128. http://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2020.74.1.121.
  23. Kostinakis, K. and Athanatopoulou, A. (2016), "Incremental dynamic analysis applied to assessment of structure-specific earthquake IMs in 3D R/C buildings", Eng. Struct., 125, 300-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.007.
  24. Kostinakis, K.G., Athanatopoulou, A.M. and Avramidis, I.E. (2012), "Orientation effects of horizontal seismic components on longitudinal reinforcement in R/C frame elements", Nat. Hazard. Earth Syst Sci., 12(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1-2012.
  25. Lagaros, N.D. (2010), "Multicomponent incremental dynamic analysis considering variable incident angle", Struct. Infrastr. Eng., 6(1-2), 77-94. http://doi.org/10.1080/15732470802663805.
  26. Liberatore, L. and Decanini, L.D. (2011), "Effect of infills on the seismic response of high-rise RC buildings designed as bare according to Eurocode 8 I Infl uenza della tamponatura sulla risposta sismica di edifi ci in c.a. alti progettati come nudi con l'Eurocodice 8", Ingegneria Sismica, 28(3), 7-23.
  27. MacRae, G.A. and Mattheis, J. (2000), "Three-dimensional steel building response to near-fault motions", J. Struct. Eng., 126(1), 117-126. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2000)126:1(117).
  28. MacRae, G.A. and Tagawa, H. (2001), "Seismic behaviour of 3D steel moment frame with biaxial columns", J. Struct. Eng., 127(5), 490-497. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:5(490).
  29. Mander, J.B., Priestley, M.J.N. and Park, R. (1988), "Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete", J. Struct. Eng., 114(8), 1804-1826. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)
  30. Mazza, F., Mazza, M. and Vulcano, A. (2018), "Base-isolation systems for the seismic retrofitting of r.c. framed buildings with soft-storey subjected to near-fault earthquakes", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 109, 209-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.02.025.
  31. Mazzoni, S., McKenna, F., Scott, M.H. and Fenves, G.L. (2006), "OpenSees command language manual", Pacific Earthq. Eng. Res. (PEER) Center, 264(1), 137-158.
  32. McKay, M.D., Beckman, R.J. and Conover, W.J. (2000), "A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code", Technom., 42(1), 55-61. https://doi.org/10.2307/1271432.
  33. Miyamoto, H.K. and Scholl, R.E. (1996), "Case study: seismic rehabilitation of a non-ductile soft story concrete structure using viscous dampers", 11th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
  34. Mohammad Noh, N., Liberatore, L., Mollaioli, F. and Tesfamariam, S. (2017), "Modelling of masonry infilled RC frames subjected to cyclic loads: State of the art review and modelling with OpenSees", Eng. Struct., 150, 599-621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.002.
  35. Mohd-Yassin, M.H. and Filippou, F.C. (1994), "Nonlinear analysis of prestressed concrete structures", Structures Congress XII, University of California, Berkeley.
  36. Nagaprasad, P., Sahoo, D.R. and Rai, D.C. (2009), "Seismic strengthening of RC columns using external steel cage", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 38(14), 1563-1586. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.917.
  37. Oinam, R.M. and Sahoo, D.R. (2019), "Using metallic dampers to improve seismic performance of soft-story RC frames: Experimental and numerical study", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 33(1), 04018108. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001254.
  38. Pampanin, S., Christopoulos, C. and Nigel Priestley, M.J. (2003), "Performance-based seismic response of frame structures including residual deformations. Part II: Multi-degree of freedom systems", J. Earthq. Eng., 7(1), 119-147.
  39. Park, R. and Paulay, T. (1975), Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Wiley & Sons.
  40. Ruiz, S.E., Santos-Santiago, M.A., Bojorquez, E., Orellana, M.A., Valenzuela-Beltran, F., Bojorquez, J. and Barraza, M. (2021), "BRB retrofit of mid-rise soft-first-story RC moment-frame buildings with masonry infill in upper stories", J. Build. Eng., 38, 101783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101783.
  41. Salmon, J., Agha Beigi, H. and Christopoulos, C. (2019), "Fullscale tests of gapped-inclined bracing system: Seismic retrofit for soft-story buildings", J. Struct. Eng., 145(10), 04019095. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002379.
  42. Shafaei, J., Zareian, M.S., Hosseini, A. and Marefat, M.S. (2014), "Effects of joint flexibility on lateral response of reinforced concrete frames", Eng. Struct., 81, 412-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.09.046.
  43. Shome, N. (1999), Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis of Nonlinear Structures, Stanford University.
  44. Stafford Smith, B. (1967), "Methods for predicting the lateral stiffness and strength of multi-storey infilled frames", Build. Sci., 2(3), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-3628(67)90027-8.
  45. Vahedi, S., Javadi, P. and Hosseini, M.H. (2019), "Seismic evaluation of a nonductile soft-first-story RC building retrofitted with steel-braced frames", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 33(6), 04019064. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001325.
  46. Vamvatsikos, D. and Cornell, C.A. (2004), "Applied incremental dynamic analysis", Earthq. Spectra, 20(2), 523-553. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141.
  47. Villar-Salinas, S., Guzman, A. and Carrillo, J. (2021), "Performance evaluation of structures with reinforced concrete columns retrofitted with steel jacketing", J. Build. Eng., 33, 101510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101510.
  48. Vukazich, S.M., Selvaduray, G. and Tran, J. (2006), "Conducting a soft first-story multifamily dwelling survey: An example using Santa Clara County, California", Earthq. Spectra, 22(4), 1063-1079. https://doi.org/10.1193%2F1.2359004. https://doi.org/10.1193%2F1.2359004