Geomechanics and Engineering

  • 제30권5호
  • /
  • Pages.449-460
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 2005-307X(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2092-6219(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Probabilistic Q-system for rock classification considering shear wave propagation in jointed rock mass

  • Kim, Ji-Won (Disposal Performance Demonstration Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) ;
  • Chong, Song-Hun (Department of Civil Engineering, Sunchon National University) ;
  • Cho, Gye-Chun (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST)
  • 투고 : 2022.02.23
  • 심사 : 2022.08.13
  • 발행 : 2022.09.10
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Safe underground construction in a rock mass requires adequate ground investigation and effective determination of rock conditions. The estimation of rock mass behavior is difficult, because rock masses are innately anisotropic and heterogeneous at different scales and are affected by various environmental factors. Quantitative rock mass classification systems, such as the Q-system and rock mass rating, are widely used for characterization and engineering design. The measurement of rock classification parameters is subjective and can vary among observers, resulting in questionable accuracy. Geophysical investigation methods, such as seismic surveys, have also been used for ground characterization. Torsional shear wave propagation characteristics in cylindrical rods are equal to that in an infinite media. A probabilistic quantitative relationship between the Q-value and shear wave velocity is thus investigated considering long-wavelength wave propagation in equivalent continuum jointed rock masses. Individual Q-system parameters are correlated with stress-dependent shear wave velocities in jointed rocks using experimental and numerical methods. The relationship between the Q-value and the shear wave velocity is normalized using a defined reference condition. This relationship is further improved using probabilistic analysis to remove unrealistic data and to suggest a range of Q-values for a given wave velocity. The proposed probabilistic Q-value estimation is then compared with field measurements and cross-hole seismic test data to verify its applicability.

키워드

과제정보

This research was supported by the Institute for Korea Spent Nuclear Fuel (iKSNF) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) (2017R1A5A 1014883 and 2021M2E1A1085193).

참고문헌

  1. Agliardi, F., Sapigni, M. and Crosta, G.B. (2016), "Rock mass characterization by high-resolution sonic and GSI borehole logging", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 49(11), 4303-4318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1025-x.
  2. Bandis, S.C., Lumsden, A.C. and Barton, N.R. (1983), "Fundamentals of rock joint deformation", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 20(6), 249-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(83)90595-8.
  3. Barton, N. (1987), Predicting the Behaviour of Underground Openings in Rocks, Manuel Rocha Memorial Lecture, Lisbon, NGI Publication.
  4. Barton, N. (2002), "Some new Q-value correlations to assist in site characterisation and tunnel design", Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci., 39(2), 185-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00011-4.
  5. Barton, N. (2006), Rock Quality, Seismic Velocity, Attenuation and Anisotropy, CRC Press.
  6. Barton, N., Lien, R. and Lunde, J. (1974), "Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support", Rock Mech., 6(4), 189-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01239496.
  7. Bednarek, L. and Majcherczyk, T. (2020), "An analysis of rock mass characteristics which influence the choice of support", Geomech. Eng., 21(4), 371-377. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.21.4.371.
  8. Bery, A.A. and Rosli, S. (2012), "Correlation of seismic P-wave velocities with engineering parameters (N value and rock quality) for tropical environmental study", Int. J. Geosci., 3(4), 749-757. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2012.34075.
  9. Bieniawski, Z.T. (1973), "Engineering classification of jointed rock masses", Civil Eng. Sivil. Ing., 1973(12), 335-343.
  10. Cai, J. and Zhao, J. (2000), "Effects of multiple parallel fractures on apparent attenuation of stress waves in rock masses", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 37(4), 661-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(00)00013-7.
  11. Carter, T.G. (2010), "Applicability of classifications for tunnelling-valuable for improving insight, but problematic for contractual support definition or final design", Proc. WTC., Vancouver, Paper 00401, Session 6c, 8.
  12. Cha, M., Cho, G.C. and Santamarina, J.C. (2009), "Long-wavelength P-wave and S-wave propagation in jointed rock masses", Geophys., 74(5), E205-E214. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3196240.
  13. Cha, Y.H., Kang, J.S. and Jo, C.H. (2006), "Application of linear-array microtremor surveys for rock mass classification in urban tunnel design", Expl. Geophys., 37(1), 108-113. https://doi.org/10.1071/EG06108.
  14. Chai, S., Li, J., Zhang, Q., Li, H. and Li, N. (2016), "Stress wave propagation across a rock mass with two non-parallel joints", Rock Mech. Rock. Eng., 49(10), 4023-4032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1068-z.
  15. Chong, S.H., Kim, J.W. and Cho, G.C. (2014), "Rock mass dynamic test apparatus for estimating the strain-dependent dynamic properties of jointed rock masses", Geotech. Test. J., 37(2), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20120127.
  16. Chong, S.H., Kim, J.W., Cho, G.C. and Song, K.I. (2020), "Preliminary numerical study on long-wavelength wave propagation in a jointed rock mass", Geomech. Eng., 21(3), 227-236. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.21.3.227.
  17. Chong, S.H., Song, K.I. and Cho, G.C. (2021), "Development of equivalent stress-and strain-dependent model for jointed rock mass and its application to underground structure", KSCE J. Civil Eng., 25(12), 4887-4896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-0616-6.
  18. Cook, N.G. (1992), "Natural joints in rock: mechanical, hydraulic and seismic behaviour and properties under normal stress", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 29(3), 198-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(92)93656-5.
  19. Deere, D.U. (1963), "Technical description of rock cores for engineering purpose", Rock Mech. Eng. Geol., 1(1), 17-22.
  20. Edelbro, C., Sjoberg, J. and Nordlund, E. (2007), "A quantitative comparison of strength criteria for hard rock masses", Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol., 22(1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2006.02.003.
  21. El-Naqa, A. (1996), "Assessment of geomechanical characterization of a rock mass using a seismic geophysical technique", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 14(4), 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421945.
  22. Fratta, D. and Santamarina, J. (2002), "Shear wave propagation in jointed rock: State of stress", Geotechnique, 52(7), 495-505. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2002.52.7.495.
  23. Gong, L., Nemcik, J. and Ren, T. (2018), "Numerical simulation of the shear behavior of rock joints filled with unsaturated soil", Int. J. Geomech., 18(9), 04018112. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001253.
  24. Hong, C.H., Ryu, H.H., Oh, T.M. and Cho, G.C. (2020), "Probabilistic rock mass rating estimation using electrical resistivity", KSCE J. Civil Eng., 24, 2224-2231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-1315-4.
  25. Isik, N.S., Doyuran, V. and Ulusay, R. (2008), "Assessment of deformation modulus of weak rock masses from pressuremeter tests and seismic surveys", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 67(3), 293-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-008-0163-0.
  26. Itasca, C. (2013), 3DEC, Software, Version 5.0, Minneapolis.
  27. Kahraman, S. (2002), "The effects of fracture roughness on P-wave velocity", Eng. Geol., 63(3-4), 347-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00089-8.
  28. Kianpour, M., Aghda, S.M.F. and Talkhablou, M. (2020), "Classification of limestone rock masses using laboratory and field P-wave velocity by ArcGIS fuzzy overlay (AFO) (case study: five dam sites in Zagros Mountains, Western Iran)", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 38(1), 631-650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-01052-3.
  29. Kim, J.W., Chong, S.H. and Cho, G.C. (2021), "Effects of gouge fill on elastic wave propagation in equivalent continuum jointed rock mass", Mater., 14(12), 3173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123173.
  30. Kim, J.W., Chong, S.H. and Cho, G.C. (2018), "Experimental characterization of stress-and strain-dependent stiffness in grouted rock masses", Mater., 11(4), 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11040524.
  31. Kolsky, H. (1963), Stress Waves in Solids, Vol. 1098, Courier Corporation, Chelmsford, MA, USA.
  32. Leucci, G. and De Giorgi, L. (2006), "Experimental studies on the effects of fracture on the P and S wave velocity propagation in sedimentary rock ("Calcarenite del Salento")", Eng. Geol., 84(3-4), 130-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.12.004.
  33. Li, J., Li, H., Jiao, Y., Liu, Y., Xia, X. and Yu, C. (2014), "Analysis for oblique wave propagation across filled joints based on thin-layer interface model", J. Appl. Geophys., 102, 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2013.11.014.
  34. Li, J., Ma, G. and Zhao, J. (2010), "An equivalent viscoelastic model for rock mass with parallel joints", J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth., 115(B3), 1. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006241.
  35. Mohd-Nordin, M.M., Song, K.I., Cho, G.C. and Mohamed, Z. (2014), "Long-wavelength elastic wave propagation across naturally fractured rock masses", Rock. Mech. Rock. Eng., 47(2), 561-573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0448-x.
  36. NGI (2013), Using the Q-System-Rock Mass Classification and Support Design, NGI Publication, Oslo, Norway 54 p.
  37. Nourani, M.H., Moghadder, M.T. and Safari, M. (2017), "Classification and assessment of rock mass parameters in Choghart iron mine using P-wave velocity", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 9(2), 318-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.11.006.
  38. Palmstrom, A. (1996), "Characterizing rock masses by the RMi for use in practical rock engineering: Part 1: The development of the Rock Mass index (RMi)", Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol., 11(2), 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(96)00015-6.
  39. Perino, A., Zhu, J., Li, J., Barla, G. and Zhao, J. (2010), "Theoretical methods for wave propagation across jointed rock masses", Rock. Mech. Rock. Eng., 43(6), 799-809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-010-0114-5.
  40. Robertsson, J.O., Blanch, J.O. and Symes, W.W. (1994), "Viscoelastic finite-difference modeling", Geophysics., 59(9), 1444-1456. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443701.
  41. Ryu, H.H., Joo, G.W., Cho, G.C., Kim, K.Y. and Lim, Y.D. (2013), "Probabilistic rock mass classification using electrical resistivity-Theoretical approach of relationship between RMR and electrical resistivity", J. Korean Tunn Undergr Sp., 15(2), 97-111. https://doi.org/10.9711/KTAJ.2013.15.2.097.
  42. Ryu, H.H., Oh, T.M., Cho, G.C., Kim, K.Y., Lee, K.R. and Lee, D.S. (2014), "Probabilistic relationship between Q-value and electrical resistivity", KSCE J. Civil Eng., 18(3), 780-786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-0339-z.
  43. Salaamah, A.F., Fathani, T.F. and Wilopo, W. (2018), "Correlation of P-wave velocity with rock quality designation (RQD) in volcanic rocks", J. Appl. Geol., 3(2), 62-72. http://doi.org/10.22146/jag.48594.
  44. Schoenberg, M. and Muir, F. (1989), "A calculus for finely layered anisotropic media", Geophys., 54(5), 581-589. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442685.
  45. Sebastian, R. and Sitharam, T.G. (2018), "Resonant column tests and nonlinear elasticity in simulated rocks", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 51(1), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1308-x.
  46. Sjogren, B., Ofsthus, A. and Sandberg, J. (1979), "Seismic classification of rock mass qualities", Geophys. Prospect., 27(2), 409-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1979.tb00977.x.
  47. Wyllie, M.R.J., Gregory, A.R. and Gardner, G.H.F. (1958), "An experimental investigation of factors affecting elastic wave velocities in porous media", Geophys., 23(3), 459-493. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438493.
  48. Zerwer, A., Cascante, G. and Hutchinson, J. (2002), "Parameter estimation in finite element simulations of Rayleigh waves", J Geotech. Geoenviron., 128(3), 250-261. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:3(250).
  49. Zhao, X., Zhao, J., Cai, J. and Hefny, A.M. (2008), "UDEC modelling on wave propagation across fractured rock masses", Comput. Geotech., 35(1), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2007.01.001.
  50. Zhao, Z., Jing, H., Shi, X., Yang, L., Yin, Q. and Gao, Y. (2021), "Study on bearing characteristic of rock mass with different structures: Physical modeling", Geomech. Eng., 25(3), 179-194. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2021.25.3.179.
  51. Zhou, J. and Yang, X.A. (2021), "Deformation behavior analysis of tunnels opened in various rock mass grades conditions in China", Geomech. Eng., 26(2), 191-204. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2021.26.2.191.
  52. Zhu, J., Deng, X., Zhao, X. and Zhao, J. (2013), "A numerical study on wave transmission across multiple intersecting joint sets in rock masses with UDEC", Rock. Mech. Rock. Eng., 46(6), 1429-1442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0352-9.