Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research

Center for Asian Public Opinion Research & Collaboration Initiative (충남대학교 아시아여론조사학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Roles of Political Network Diversity and Social Media News Access in Political Participation in the United States and South Korea

  • Received : 2021.10.28
  • Accepted : 2022.06.26
  • Published : 2022.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Two surveys for exploring communicative paths toward political participation were conducted with relatively large samples of Americans (N = 1001) and South Koreans (N = 1166). Hierarchical regression modeling of the relationships among demographics, personal networks, news consumption, and cross-cutting discussion and political participation demonstrated mostly commonalities between the two samples, including the interaction between political diversity and Twitter usage for news access but with distinct effect sizes of cross-cutting discussion on political participation. We attribute the differences to the two countries' distinct histories of democracy and culture, and the commonalities to the general relationships between cross-cutting discussion and political participation moderated by strong ties political homogeneity.

Keywords

References

  1. Chan, M., Chen, H.-T., & Lee, F. L. F. (2017). Examining the roles of mobile and social media in political participation: A cross-national analysis of three Asian societies using a communication mediation approach. New Media & Society, 19(12), 2003-2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816653190
  2. Cho, J., Shah, D., Mcleod, J., Mcleod, D., Scholl, R., & Gotlieb, M. (2009). Campaigns, reflection, and deliberation: Advancing an O-S-R-O-R model of communication effects. Communication Theory, 19(1), 66-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.01333.x
  3. Choi, J., Jung, J., & Lee, S. W. (2013). What causes users to switch from a local to a global social network site? The cultural, social, economic, and motivational factors of Facebook's globalization. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2665-2673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.006
  4. Emirbayer, M. (1997). Manifesto for a relational sociology. American Journal of Sociology, 103, 281-317. https://doi.org/10.1086/231209
  5. Eveland, W. P. Jr., Shah, D. V., & Kwak, N. (2003). Assessing causality in the cognitive mediation model: A panel study of motivations, information processing and learning during Campaign 2000. Communication Research, 30, 359-386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203253369
  6. Eveland, W. P., Song, H., & Beck, P. A. (2015). Cultural variations in the relationships among network political agreement, political discussion frequency, and voting turnout. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 27(4), 461-480. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edv007
  7. Gil de Zuniga, H., Molyneux, L., & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 64, 612-634. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12103
  8. Granovetter, M. (1983). The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory, 201-233. https://doi.org/10.2307/202051
  9. Hall, E. T. (1981). The silent language. Anchor.
  10. Haythornthwaite, C. (2002). Strong, weak, and latent ties and the impact of new media. The Information Society, 18(5), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240290108195
  11. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's recent consequences: Using dimension scores in theory and research. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 1, 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/147059580111002
  12. Hopmann, D. N. (2012). The consequences of political disagreement in interpersonal communication: New insights from a comparative perspective. European Journal of Political Research, 51, 265-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.02001.x
  13. Huckfeldt, R., & Sprague, J. (1987). Networks in context: The social flow of political information. The American Political Science Review, 81(4), 1197-1216. https://doi.org/10.2307/1962585
  14. Jackson, L. A., & Wang, J. (2013). Cultural differences in social networking site use: A comparative study of China and the United States. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 910-921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.024
  15. Ji, Y. G., Hwangbo, H., Yi, J. S., Rau, P. L. P., Fang, X., & Ling, C. (2010). The influence of cultural differences on the use of social network services and the formation of social capital. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 26(11-12), 1100-1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2010.516727
  16. Keijzer, M. A., Mas, M., & Flache, A. (2018). Communication in online social networks fosters cultural isolation. Complexity. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9502872
  17. Kim, J. (2020, September 18). South Korea's news outlets chase the digital dream. Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Media-Entertainment/South-Korea-s-news-outlets-chase-the-digital-dream
  18. Kim, Y., Sohn, D., & Choi, S. (2011). Cultural difference in motivations for using social network sites: A comparative study of American and Korean college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.015
  19. Lee, H., Kwak, N., & Campbell, S. (2015). Hearing the other side revisited: The joint workings of cross-cutting discussion and strong tie homogeneity in facilitating deliberative and participatory democracy. Communication Research, 42, 569-596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650213483824
  20. Lee, S. J. (2022). Political polarization in Asia: Cleavages and agencies of polarization in India, the Philippines, South Korea, and Thailand. ADRN Issue Briefing. http://www.eai.or.kr/new/en/pub/view.asp?intSeq=21201&board=eng_issuebriefing
  21. Lee, S., Lindsey, N. J., Kim, K., & Howe, W. T. (2019). Revisiting hearing the other side: Distinct associations of social network characteristics with political discussion and participation. International Journal of Communication, 13, 4130-4154. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/8900
  22. Matthes, J., Knoll, J., Valenzuela, S., Hopmann, D. N., & Sikorski, C. von. (2019). A meta-analysis of the effects of cross-cutting exposure on political participation. Political Communication, 36, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1619638
  23. McLeod, J. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (1999). Community, communication, and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation. Political Communication, 16(3), 315-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198659
  24. McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 415-444. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
  25. Mische, A. (2011). Relational sociology, culture, and agency. In J. Scott & P. J. Carrington (Eds.), The Sage handbook of social network analysis (pp. 80-97). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446294413.n7
  26. Moy, P., & Gastil, J. (2006). Predicting deliberative conversation: The impact of discussion networks, media use, and political cognitions. Political Communication, 23(4), 443-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600600977003
  27. Mutz, D. C. (2002). The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation. American Journal of Political Science, 838-855. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088437
  28. Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Andi, S., Robertson, C. T., & Nielson, R. K. (2021). Digital News Report 2021. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
  29. Nir, L. (2011). Disagreement and opposition in social networks: Does disagreement discourage turnout? Political Studies, 59, 674-692. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2010.00873.x
  30. Nir, L. (2012). Cross-national differences in political discussion: Can political systems narrow deliberation gaps? Journal of Communication, 62, 553-570. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01648.x
  31. Pariser, E. (2011). The filer bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. Penguin Press.
  32. Park, C. S., Kang, S., & Kim, Y. (2018). Political communication of Korea in the ICT Era: Triadic interactions among government, media, and the public. In D. Y. Jin & N. Kwak (Eds.) Communication, digital media, and popular culture in Korea (pp. 105-124). Lexington Books.
  33. Price, V., Cappella, J. N., & Nir, L. (2002). Does disagreement contribute to more deliberative opinion? Political Communication, 19(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846002317246506
  34. Prior, M (2007) Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. Cambridge University Press.
  35. Qiu, L., Lin, H., Leung, A. K.-Y. (2012). Cultural differences and switching of ingroup sharing behavior between an American (Facebook) and a Chinese (Renren) social networking site. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(1), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111434597
  36. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics, 6th Edition. Pearson.
  37. Tan, D. (2008). Proceedings of CHI 2008 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems (pp. 3123-3128). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
  38. Torcal, M., & Maldonado, G. (2014). Revisiting the dark side of political deliberation: The effects of media and political discussion on political interest. Public Opinion Quarterly,78, 679-706. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfu035
  39. Tsfati, Y., & Cappella, J. N. (2003). Do people watch what they do not trust? Exploring the association between news media skepticism and exposure. Communication Research, 30(5), 504-529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203253371
  40. Valenzuela, S., Correa, T., & Gil de Zuniga, H. (2018). Ties, likes, and tweets: Using strong and weak ties to explain differences in protest participation across Facebook and Twitter use. Political Communication, 35(1), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1334726
  41. Yamamoto, M., & Morey, A. C. (2019). Incidental news exposure on social media: A campaign communication mediation approach. Social Media + Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119843619
  42. Yarchi, M., Baden, C., & Kligler-Vilenchik, N. (2021). Political polarization on the digital sphere: A cross-platform, over-time analysis of interactional, positional, and affective polarization on social media, Political Communication, 38, 98-139, https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1785067