DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Crisis of trust of journalism in France: Cracks in journalistic institutions and professionalism, and the impact of social movement

프랑스 언론의 신뢰도 위기: 저널리즘 제도의 내적 균열과 사회운동의 영향

  • Received : 2022.06.15
  • Accepted : 2022.07.12
  • Published : 2022.07.31

Abstract

This study examines the crisis of trust of French journalism in the context of a global decline of media credibility. First of all, in the process of a huge social movement called the 'yellow vest' movement that started in 2018, distrust of the French journalism was expressed in an extreme form. This study examines some external factors in terms of the historical development of the French journalism and the public's long-standing 'criticism of journalism'. Specifically, this study first examines the quantitative indicators of trust of French journalism which were shown in Digital News Report published by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Next, it examines the historical and institutional formation process of French journalism and public distrust that emerged along with it. And specifically, the structural crisis-economic crisis, digital transformation and intensification of competition, and deterioration of quality problems etc.-of the French journalism exposed in media coverage on social movement in 2018 is review in relation with the working process or 'routine' of actual news production. In conclusion, this study asserts that the various aspects of internal rifts in French journalism system, as well as external shocks (the influence of social movements), are a key factor in explaining the recent decline of trust in French journalism.

이 연구는 전 세계적인 언론의 신뢰도 하락이라는 상황에서, 한국 언론과 유사한 형태로 심각한 신뢰 위기를 겪고 있는 프랑스 언론에 대하여 고찰한다. 2018년부터 시작된 '노란 조끼' 운동이라는 거대한 사회운동의 과정에서 프랑스 언론에 대한 불신은 극단적인 형태로 표출되었다. 이 연구는 이를 프랑스 언론의 역사적 발전 과정, 그리고 이에 대한 대중들의 오랜 '언론에 대한 비판'의 구조라는 측면과 결합하여 살펴본다. 구체적으로 이 연구는 로이터 저널리즘 연구소에서 간행한 <디지털 뉴스 리포트>에 나타난 프랑스 언론의 신뢰도의 양적 지표를 먼저 살펴본다. 이어 프랑스 저널리즘의 역사적·제도적 형성 과정 및 이에 발맞추어 등장한 대중적 불신의 경로를 검토해 본다. 그리고 2018년 사회운동에 대한 보도 과정에서 노출된 프랑스 언론의 구조적 위기 - 경제적 위기, 디지털 전환과 경쟁 심화, 퀄리티 저하 - 가 실제 뉴스 생산의 작업 과정에 미친 영향 문제를 검토한다. 결론적으로 이 연구는 프랑스 언론을 향한 외적 충격(사회운동의 영향) 못지 않게, 저널리즘 제도 내부적인 균열의 다양한 양상들이 최근 프랑스 언론의 신뢰도 추락을 설명하는 핵심적인 요인임을 주장한다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 2021학년도 홍익대학교 학술연구진흥비에 의하여 지원되었음.

References

  1. 김호원.최윤선. (2019). '노란 조끼' 시위에 대한 프랑스 미디어 보도 분석: 비판적 담론 분석의 관점에서. 불어불문학연구, 119: 215-242.
  2. 박아란.이소은. (2020). 디지털 뉴스 리포트 2020 한국. 서울: 한국언론진흥재단.
  3. 배정근.박진우.오현경. (2021). 언론 신뢰 구축을 위한 새로운 접근. 서울: 한국언론진흥재단.
  4. 오현경. (2022). 언론 신뢰도의 개념적 고찰. 언론과 사회, 30(1): 99-132.
  5. 이소은.오현경. (2021). 매체, 언론사, 주제별 뉴스 이용과 언론에 대한 평가 이용자 정치성향의 조절효과를 중심으로. 한국언론학보, 65(2): 241-285.
  6. 진민정. (2017). 미디어 외교의 주체, 글로벌 뉴스 채널의 딜레마, 분석과 대안, 1(2): 13-30. https://doi.org/10.22931/AANDA.2017.1.2.002
  7. 진민정. (2020). 프랑스도 마주한 언론 불신의 시대. 미디어오늘. (2020. 7. 29).
  8. Allain, P.-H. (2019). Temoignages: Gilets jaunes, un an apres. "J'ai toujours la rage de me battre, et pas seulement pour moi". Liberation. (https://www.liberation.fr/france/2019/11/15/gilets-jaunes-un-an-apres-j-ai -toujours-la-rage-de-me-battre-et-pas-seulement-pour-moi_1763743/).
  9. Ancelovici, M., Dufour, P., and Nez, H. (eds.). (2016). Street Politics in the Age of Austerity: From the Indignados to Occupy. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  10. Antheaume, A. (2019). When the pressure becomes too great: Why so many french journalists are quitting the profession. European Journalism Observatory. (https://en.ejo.ch/newsroom-management/when-the-pressure-becomes-too-great-why-so-many-french-journalists-are-quitting-the-profession).
  11. Aubnas, F. (2018). 'Gilets jaunes', la revolte des ronds-points. Le Mond e. (https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/12/15/sur-les-ronds-points-les-gilets-jaunes-a-la-croisee-des-chemins_5397928_3224.html).
  12. Baisnee, O., Cave, A., Gousset, C., and Nollet, J. (2021). La violence des Gilets jaunes: Quand la fait-diversification fait diversion. Sur le Journalisme, 10(1). [online], (https://revue.surlejournalisme.com/slj/article/view/452).
  13. Balzac, A. de. (1843). Les Journalistes : Monographie de la Presse Parisienne. 지수희 (옮김). (1999). 기자의 본성에 관한 보고. 서울: 서해문집.
  14. Bendali, Z., Challier, R., and della Sudda, M. (2019). Le mouvement des Gilets jaunes: un apprentissage en pratique(s) de la politique? Politix, 128: 143-177.
  15. Blandin, C. (2019). Les trois visages de la detestation des journalistes. La Revue des Medias.
  16. Bourdieu, P. (1994). L'emprise du journalisme. Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 101/102: 3-9.
  17. Bourdieu, P. (1996). Sur la television. Paris: Raison d'agir.
  18. Boyle, M. P., McLeod, D. M., and Armstrong, C. L. (2012). Adherence to the protest paradigm: The influence of protest goals and tactics on news coverage in U.S. and international newspapers. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 17(2): 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211433837
  19. Broersma, M. (2020). Americanization, or the rhetoric of modernity. How European journalism adapted US norms, practices and conventions. in Arnold, K., Preston, P., and Kinnebrock, S. (eds.). The Handbook of European Communication History (403-419). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  20. Brule, F. (2019). CheckNews : La confiance des Francais dans les medias est-elle a son plus bas historique?. Liberation. (https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/2019/06/26/la-confiance-des-francais-dans-les-medias-est-elle-a-son-plus-bas-historique_1736079/).
  21. Cage, J. (2018). Le Prix de la democratie. Paris: Fayard.
  22. Cohn, N. and Quealy, K. (2020). How public opinion has moved on Black Lives Matter. The New York Times. (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/10/upshot/black-lives-matter-attitudes.html).
  23. Collectif d'enquete sur les Gilets jaunes. (2019). Enqueter in situ par que stionnaires sur une mobilisation. Revue Francaise de Science Politique, 69(5), 869-892. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.695.0869
  24. CSA (2019). Barometre de la diversite de la societe francaise: Vague 2019. Paris: Conseil Superieur de l'Audiovisuel.
  25. Delorme, S. (2019). Les medias n'ont pas ete a la hauteur du mouvemen t des gilets jaunes. Liberation. (https://www.liberation.fr/france/2019/01/18/les-medias-n-ont-pas-ete-a-la-hauteur-du-mouvement-des-gilets-jaunes_1703957/).
  26. Fillieule, O., Hayat, S., and Monchatre, S. (2020). Trois regards sur le mouvement des 'Gilet jaunes'. La Nouvelle Revue du Travail, 17. [online], (https://doi.org/10.4000/nrt.7377).
  27. Gerbaud, D. (2013). La presse francaise en manque d'une instance deontologique. Pouvoir, 147: 65-77. https://doi.org/10.3917/pouv.147.0065
  28. Greffet, F. and Wojcik, S. (2014). La citoyennete numerique. Reseaux, 184/185: 125-159.
  29. Halimi, S. and Rimbert, P. (2019). Lutte de classes en France. Le Monde Diplomatique, fevrier 2019.
  30. Hall, S., Clarke, J., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., and Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the Crisis: Mugging, Law and Order and the State. London: McMillan.
  31. Hanitzsch, T., van Dalen, A., and Steindl, N. (2018). Caught in the nexus : A comparative and longitudinal analysis of public trust in the press. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(1): 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217740695
  32. Harlow, S., Kilgo, D. K., Salaverria, R., and Garcia-Perdomo, V. (2020). Is the whole world watching? Building a typology of protest coverage on social media from around the world. Journalism Studies, 21 (11): 1590-1608. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1776144
  33. Hyun, K. (2018). The Role of Political Agreement and Disagreement of News and Political Discussion on Social Media for Political Participation, Analyses & Alternatives, 2(2): 31-66.
  34. Iyengar, S. (1991). Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  35. Kaciaf, N. (2013). Les pages 'politiques'. Histoire du journalisme politique dans la presse francaise, 1946-2000. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
  36. Kantar/La Croix (2022). Barometre des medias 2022: la confiance des Francais au plus bas. La Croix. (https://www.la-croix.com/Economie/Barometre-medias-2022-confiance-Francais-bas-2022-01-20-1201195923).
  37. Kilgo, D. K. (2020). Riot or resistance? The way the media frames the unrest in Minneapolis will shape the public's view of protest. Nieman Lab. (https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/05/riot-or-resistance-the-way-the-media-frames-the-unrest-in-minneapolis-will-shape-the-publics-view-of-protest/).
  38. Kilgo, D. K. and Harlow, S. (2019). Protests, media coverage, and a hierarchy of social struggle. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 24(4): 508-530. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219853517
  39. Kunelius, R., Baisnee, O., and Splendore, S. (2020). Professionalisms and journalism history : Lessons from European Variations. in Arnold, K., Preston, P., and Kinnebrock, S. (eds.). The Handbook of European Communication History (351-366). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  40. Latour, B. (2019). Les Gilets jaunes sont des migrants de l'interieur, quittes par leur pays. Reporterre, le quotidien de l'Ecologie.
  41. Le Bohec, J. (2000). Les mythes professionnels des journalistes. Paris: L'Harmattan.
  42. Lefilliatre, J. (2019). Gilets jaunes: les medias au stade autocritique. Liberation. (https://www.liberation.fr/france/2019/01/18/gilets-jaunes-les-medias-au-stade-autocritique_1703959/).
  43. Leteinturier, C. & Mathien, M. (2010). Une profession fragilisee : Les journalistes francais face au marche de l'emploi. Quaderni, 73: 97-114. https://doi.org/10.4000/quaderni.455
  44. Levrier, A. (2019). Le journalistes, un si vieil ennemi. La Revue des Medias.
  45. Mathien, M. (2009). "Tous journalistes !". Les professionnels de l'information face a un mythe des nouvelles technologies. Quaderni, 72: 113-125.
  46. Mercier, A. (2019). Pourquoi cette haine des medias chez certains Gilets Jaunes?. La Revue des Medias.
  47. Michaud, Y. (2016). Contre la bienveillance. Paris: Stock.
  48. Molotch, H. and Lester, M. (1974). News as purposive behavior: On the strategic use of routine events, accidents, and scandals. American Sociological Review, 39(1): 101-113. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094279
  49. Montvalon, J.-B. de. (2019). Une haine qui vient de loin. Le Monde. (https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/01/24/medias-une-haine-qui-vient-de-loin_5413896_3232.html).
  50. Peugny, C. (2014). Le destin au berceau. Inegalites et reproduction sociale. Paris: Seuil.
  51. Pichonnaz, D. (2013). Communication policiere et discours sur la deviance. Une expertise marquee par des enjeux professionnels et corporatistes. Politiques de Communication, 1: 127-150. https://doi.org/10.3917/pdc.001.0127
  52. Pierre-Louis, K. (2020). It's time to change the way the media reports on protests. Here are some ideas. Nieman Lab. (https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/06/its-time-to-change-the-way-the-media-reports-on-protests-here-are-some-ideas/).
  53. Pilmis, O. (2014). Produire en urgence. La gestion de l'imprevisible dans lemonde du journalisme. Revue Francaise de Sociologie, 55(1): 101-126. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfs.551.0101
  54. Reuters Institute (2021). Digital News Report 2021 (10th edition). Oxford : Reuters Institute/Oxford University. (https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-06/Digital_News_Report_2021_FINAL.pdf).
  55. Sebbah, B., Souillard, N., Thiong-Kay, L., and Smyrnaios, N. (2018). Les Gilets jaunes, des cadrages mediatiques aux paroles citoyennes. Rapport de Recherche du LERASS. 26 novembre 2018. [online], (https://www.lerass.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Rapport-Gilets-Jaunes-1.pdf).
  56. Sebbah, B., Loubere, L., Souillard, N., Renard, J., and Smyrnaios, N. (2019). La dilution des Gilets jaunes dans l'agenda mediatique et politique, quand le mouvement ne fait plus evenement mais tente de seconsolider. Rapport de Recherche du LERASS. 22 fevrier 2019. [online], (https://www.lerass.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/GJ-V3.pdf).
  57. Sedel, J. (2020). Tel proprietaire, tel dirigeant de presse? Une exploration statistique des liens entre actionnaires et dirigeants de medias d'information. Politiques de Communication, 15, 169-195.
  58. Shin, S., Kim, S., Kang, M. (2022). Domestic Constraints of Sino-South Korean Environmental Cooperation: the Case of Trans boundary Air Pollution. Analyses & Alternatives, 6(1): 163-194.
  59. Souillard, N., Sebbah, B., Loubere, L., Thiong-Kay, L., & Smyrnaios, N. (2020). Les Gilets jaunes, etude d'un mouvement social au prismede ses arenes mediatiques. Terminal, 127. [online], (https://journals.openedition.org/terminal/5631