SUVANNABHUMI (수완나부미)

Korea Institute for ASEAN Studies (부산외대 아세안연구원)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Abolition or Maintenance? French and British Policies towards Vietnamese and Malay Traditional Education during the Last Decades of the Nineteenth Century

  • Van, Ly Tuong (History Department, VNU University of Social Sciences and Humanities) ;
  • Tuan, Hoang Anh (History Department, VNU University of Social Sciences and Humanities)
  • Received : 2022.01.10
  • Accepted : 2022.06.30
  • Published : 2022.07.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

At different times in the 19th century, the Straits Settlements and Cochinchina were both colonies that the British and the French captured the earliest in their process of invasion of Malaya and Vietnam, respectively. This study examines the transitional stage from the traditional school system to colonial school system in the Straits Settlements and Cochinchina. This could also be considered an experimental stage for building later education systems in their expanded colonies, namely British Malaya and French Indochina, from the closing decades of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century. This study, exploiting various sources and applying the comparative approach, identifies the factors that affected the different attitudes and choices of policy towards traditional education models of indigenous communities (the Malays and Vietnamese) pursued by the British in the Straits Settlements and the French in Cochinchina.

Keywords

References

  1. Annuaire de la Cochinchine pour l'annee 1886. Saigon: Imprimerie du Gouvernement, 1886.
  2. Annuaire general de l'Indochine, 1902.
  3. Arrete Nº 202 du 29 aout 1873 du Gouverneur et Commandant en chef p.i portant organisation du college des stagiaires et fixant les programmes examens a subir par les candidats (J 26, BOC 1873).
  4. Arrete Nº 55 du 17 mars 1879 du Gouverneur et Commandant en chef portant nouvelle organisation du service de l'instruction publique en Cochinchine (J 36, BOC 1879).
  5. Bureau of Education. 1965. Selections from Educational Records, Part I (1781-1839). Edited by H. Sharp. Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (first printed in 1920). Reprinted. Delhi: National Archives of India.
  6. Decision du 17 Novembre 1874 du Contre - Amiral Gouverneur p.i de la Cochinchine reglementant le service de l'Instruction publique dans la colonie (J 973, Courrier de Saigon, Nº 23 du 5 decembre 1874).
  7. Decision Nº 126 du 10 juillet 1871 du Contre-Amiral qui institue a Saigon une ecole normale colonial (J 19, BOC 1871)
  8. Decision Nº 44 du 31 mars 1863 du Vice-Amiral gouverneur de la Cochinchine relatif au retablissement de l'instruction publique en Cochinchine (J 4, BOC 1862-1863).
  9. Decision Nº 89 du 8 mai 1862 du Contre-Amiral commandant en chef relative a l'institution du college annamite (J 4, BOC 1862).
  10. Ferry Jules Francois Camille. 1884. Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884. Discours et Opinions de Jules Ferry, ed. Paul Robiquet. Paris: Armand Colin & Cie., 1897 (Translated by Ruth Kleinman in Brooklyn College Core Four Sourcebook).
  11. Ordre Nº 60 du 16 juillet 1864 du Contre-Amiral gouverneur de la Cochinchine portant creation d'ecoles primaires pour apprendre aux indigenes a ecrire leur langue en caracteres europeens (J 6, BOC 1864).
  12. Wong, Francis H.K. and Gwee Yee Hean. 1980. Official Report on Education: Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States, 1870-1939. Singapore: Pan Pacific Book Distributors Pte Ltd.
  13. Aldrich Robert. 1996. Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  14. Andaya Barbara W. and Andaya Leonard Y. 1994. A History of Malaya. London: Macmillan Press.
  15. Aymonier Etienne F. and Roucoules Emile. 2018. Chinh sach giao duc tai Nam Ky cuoi the ky XIX (Educational Policy in Cochinchina at the End of the 19th Century). Lai Nhu Bang, trans. Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers.
  16. Brooks Michael. 2016. By Book and School: The Politics of Educational Reform in France and Algeria during the Early Third Republic. PhD Dissertation. University of Central Florida.
  17. Chelliah. D.D. 1960. A Short History of Educational Policy in the Straits Settlements with Recommendation for a New System Based on Vernaculars. Singapore: G.H. Kiat & Co. Ltd.
  18. Dao Duy Anh. 2014. Viet Nam Van Hoa Sa Cu ong (Vietnamese Culture and History). Hanoi: The gioi Publishers.
  19. Doumer Paul. 2015. Xu Dong Du ong - Hoi Ky (L' Indo-Chine Francaise - Souvenirs). Luu Dinh Tuan, Hieu Constant, Le Dinh Chi, Hoang Long, Vu Thuy, trans. Hanoi: The gioi Publishers.
  20. Edwin Smith W.D.D. 1941, Association and Assimilation in the Christian Mission. International Review of Mission. 30(3): 324-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6631.1941.tb04241.x
  21. Loh Philip and Fook Seng. 1975. Seed of Separatism: Educational Policy in Malaya, 1874-1940, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
  22. Ly Tuong Van. 2016. The Impact of British Colonial Policy in Malaya: The Perspective on the Role of Aliens in the Economic Development. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(4): 370-383.
  23. Ly Tuong Van. 2019. The British Education Policy in Malaya: The Transformation of the Political Mission of Education from Divide to Rule to Unity to Rule. Journal of Historical Studies, 1(513): 47-65.
  24. Ly Tuong Van. 2020. Political Aspects of Educational Reform in France and the Implementation of Colonial Educational Policy in Vietnam (from 1870 to 1914). Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(1): 33-52.
  25. Lynn Zastoupil and Martin Moir. eds. 1999. The Great Indian Education Debate: Documents Relating to the Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy, 1781-1843. UK: Curzon Press.
  26. Maauruf S. 1988. Malay ideas on Development: from Feudal Lord to Capitalist Times. Singapore: Times Book International.
  27. Marr David. 1971. Vietnamese Anti-colonialism 1885-1925. Berkeley: University of California.
  28. Marr David. 1981. Vietnamese Traditions on Trial 1920-1945. Berkeley: University of California.
  29. Mills L. A. 1961. British Malaya 1824-1867. Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, 33(191): Part 3.
  30. Milton Osborne E. 1969. The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia, Rule and Response (1859-1905). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  31. Mumford W. B. ed. 1936. Africans Learn to be French. London: Evans Bros.
  32. Murphy Agnes. 1968. The Ideology of French Imperialism, 1871-1881. New York: Howard Fertig.
  33. Nguyen Xuan Tho. 2018, Buoc mo dau cua su thiet lap he thong thuoc dia Phap o Viet Nam, 1858-1897 (The First Step of Establishing the French Colonial System in Vietnam, 1858-1897). Nguyen Ba Dung, trans. Hanoi: Hong Duc Publishers.
  34. Raffles Stamford Thomas. 1991. Singapore Institution. In Memoir of the Life and Services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (edited by Lady Raffles). Singapore: Oxford University Press.
  35. Stevenson Rex. 1975. Cultivator and Administrators, British Educational Policy towards the Malay 1875-1906. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
  36. Swettenham Frank Athelstane. 1942. Footprints in Malaya. London: Hutchinson.
  37. Trinh Van Thao. 1993. L'ideologie de l'ecole en Indochine (1890-1938). Tiers-Monde, 133(34): 169-186. https://doi.org/10.3406/tiers.1993.4832
  38. Trinh Van Thao. 2009. Nha truong Phap o Dong Duong (The French Schools in Indochina). Nguyen Tri Chi, Trinh Van Tung, trans. Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers.
  39. Turnbull Mary C. 1972. The Straits Settlements, 1826-1867: Indian Presidency to Crown Colony London. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
  40. Vu Milkie. 2012. Examing the Social Impacts of French Education Reforms in Tonkin, Indochina (1906-1938). Inquiries Journal / Student Pulse, 4(4): 1-3.
  41. White Bob W. 1996. Talk about the school: education and the colonial project in French and British Africa (1860-1960). Comparative Education, 32(1): 9-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050069628902
  42. Whitehead Clive. 1989. The Impact of the Second World War on British Colonial Education Policy. Journal of History of Education, 18(3): 267-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760890180307
  43. Whitehead Clive. 2007. The Concept of British Education Policy in the Colonies 1850-1960. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 39(2): 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220620701342296
  44. Whitmore J. K. 1984. Social Organization and Confucian Thought in Vietnam, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 15(2): 296-306. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463400012534
  45. Wicks Peter. 1980. Education, British Colonialism, and a Plural Society in West Malaysia: The Development of Education in British Settlements along the Straits of Malacca, 1786-1874. History of Education Quarterly, 20(2): 163-187. https://doi.org/10.2307/367910
  46. Wilkinson R. J. 1957. Paper on Malay Customs and Belief. Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, 30(4): 1-87.