Structural Engineering and Mechanics

  • 제83권4호
  • /
  • Pages.495-513
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 1225-4568(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1598-6217(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Investigating the effects of non-persistent cracks' parameters on the rock fragmentation mechanism underneath the U shape cutters using experimental tests and numerical simulations with PFC2D

  • Fu, Jinwei (School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power) ;
  • Haeri, Hadi (School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power) ;
  • Sarfarazi, Vahab (Department of Mining Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology) ;
  • Abad, Sh. Mohamadi Bolban (Department of Mining Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology) ;
  • Marji, Mohammad Fatehi (Department of Mine Exploitation Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy, Institute of Engineering, Yazd University) ;
  • Saeedi, Gholamreza (Department of Mining Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman) ;
  • Yu, Yibing (School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power)
  • 투고 : 2021.10.22
  • 심사 : 2022.06.11
  • 발행 : 2022.08.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

This paper aims to study the fracture mechanism of rocks under the 'u'shape cutters considering the effects of crack (pre-existing crack) distances, crack spacing and crack inclination angles. The effects of loading rates on the rock fragmentation underneath these cutters have been also studied. For this purpose, nine experimental samples with dimensions of 5 cm×10 cm×10 cm consisting of the non-persistent cracks were prepared. The first three specimens' sets had one non-persistent crack (pre-existing crack) with a length of 2 cm and angularity of 0°, 45°, and 90°. The spacing between the crack and the "u" shape cutter was 2 cm. The second three specimens" set had one non-persistent crack with a length of 2 cm and angularity of 0°, 45°, and 90° but the spacing between pre-existing crack and the "u" shape cutter was 4 cm. The third three specimens'set has two non-persistent cracks with lengths of 2 cm and angularity of 0°, 45° and 90°. The spacing between the upper crack and the "u" shape cutter was 2 cm and the spacing between the lower crack and the upper crack was 2 cm. The samples were tested under a loading rate of 0.005 mm/s. concurrent with the experimental investigation. The numerical simulations were performed on the modeled samples with non-persistent cracks using PFC2D. These models were tested under three different loading rates of 0.005 mm/s, 0.01 mm/sec and 0.02 mm/sec. These results show that the crack number, crack spacing, crack angularity, and loading rate has important effects on the crack growth mechanism in the rocks underneath the "u" shape cutters. In addition, the failure modes and the fracture patterns in the experimental tests and numerical simulations are similar to one another showing the validity and accuracy of the current study.

키워드

과제정보

This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51608117), Key Specialized Research and Development Breakthrough Program in Henan province (Grant No. 192102210051), High foreign country expert project in Henan province (Grant No. HNGD2022040).

참고문헌

  1. Ajamzadeh, M.R., Sarfarazi, V., Haeri, H. and Dehghani, H. (2018), "The effect of micro parameters of PFC software on the model calibration", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(6), 643-662. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.6.643.
  2. Akbas, S. (2016), "Analytical solutions for static bending of edge cracked micro beams", Struct. Eng. Mech., 59(3), 66-78. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.59.3.579.
  3. Alneasan, M., Behnia, M. and Bagherpour, R. (2019), "Analytical and numerical investigations of dynamic crack propagation in brittle rocks under mixed mode loading", Constr. Build. Mater., 222, 544-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.163.
  4. Avcar, M. (2014), "Elastic buckling of steel columns under axial compression", Am. J. Civil Eng., 2(3), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20140203.17
  5. Balci, C. and Tumac, D. (2012), "Investigation into the effects of different rocks on rock cuttability by a V-type disc cutter", Tunnel. Undergr. Space Technol., 30, 183-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.018.
  6. Bejari, H. (2013), "Simultaneous effects of crack spacing and orientation on TBM cutting efficiency in cracked rock masses", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 46, 897-907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0314-2.
  7. Bejari, H., Kakaie, R. and Ataei, M. (2011), "Simultaneous effects of crack spacing and crack orientation on the penetration rate of a single disc cutter", Min. Sci. Technol., 21(4), 507-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mstc.2011.06.008.
  8. Benardos, A.G. and Kaliampakos, D.C. (2004), "Modeling TBM performance with artificial neural networks", Tunnel. Undergr. Space Technol., 19, 597-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2004.02.128.
  9. Bi, J. and Zhou, X.P. (2016), "The 3D numerical simulation for the propagation process of multiple pre-existing flaws in rocklike materials subjected to biaxial compressive loads", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 49, 1611-1627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0867-y.
  10. Chen, L., Liu, J., Wang, C., Liu, J., Su, R. and Wang, J. (2014), "Characterization of damage evolution in granite under compressive stress condition and its effect on permeability", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 71, 340-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.07.020.
  11. Cho, J.W. and Jeon, S. (2010), "Optimum spacing of TBM disc cutters: A numerical simulation using the three-dimensional dynamic fracturing method", Tunnel. Undergr. Space Technol., 25, 230-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2009.11.007.
  12. Cho, J.W. and Jeon, S. (2013), "Evaluation of cutting efficiency during TBM disc cutter excavation within a Korean granitic rock using linear-cutting-machine testing and photogrammetric measurement", Tunnel. Undergr. Space Technol., 35, 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2012.08.006.
  13. Cho, J.W., Jeon, S., Yu, S.H. and Chang, S.H. (2010), "Optimum spacing of TBM disc cutters: a numerical simulation using the three-dimensional dynamic fracturing method", Tunnel. Undergr. Space Technol., 25, 230-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2009.11.007.
  14. Choi, S.O. and Lee, S.J. (2014), "Three-dimensional numerical analysis of the rock-cutting behavior of a disc cutter using particle flow code", KSCE J. Civil Eng., 19, 1129-1138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-013-0622-4.
  15. Gao, Y. and Sun, H. (2021), "Influence of initial defects on crack propagation of concrete under uniaxial compression", Constr. Build. Mater., 277, 122361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122361.
  16. Ghazvinian, A., Sarfarazi, V., Schubert, W. and Blumel, M. (2012), "A study of the failure mechanism of planar nonpersistent open joints using PFC2D", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 45(5), 677-693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0233-2.
  17. Gil, D. and Golewski, G.L (2018), "Effect of silica fume and siliceous fly ash addition on the fracture toughness of plain concrete in mode", IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 416, 012065. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/416/1/012065
  18. Golewski, G. (2019), "New principles for implementation and operation of foundations for machines: A review of recent advances", Struct. Eng. Mech., 71(3), 317-327. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2019.71.3.317.
  19. Golewski, G. (2020), "Changes in the fracture toughness under Mode II loading of Low Calcium Fly Ash (LCFA) concrete depending on ages", Mater., 13, 5241. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225241.
  20. Golewski, G. (2021a), "Validation of the favorable quantity of fly ash in concrete and analysis of crack propagation and its length - Using the crack tip tracking (CTT) method - In the fracture toughness examinations under Mode II, through digital image correlation", Constr. Build. Mater., 296, 122362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122362.
  21. Golewski, G. (2021b), "Evaluation of fracture processes under shear with the use of DIC technique in fly ash concrete and accurate measurement of crack path lengths with the use of a new crack tip tracking method", Measure., 181, 109632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109632.
  22. Gong, Q.M., Jiao, Y.Y. and Zhao, J. (2006), "Numerical simulation of influence of crack spacing on rock fragmentation by TBM cutters", Tunnel. Undergr. Space Technol., 21(1), 46- 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.06.004.
  23. Gong, Q.M., Zhao, J. and Jiao, Y.Y. (2005), "Numerical simulation of influence of crack orientation on rock fragmentation process by TBM cutters", Tunnel. Undergr. Space Technol., 20(2), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2004.08.006
  24. Haeri, H. (2015), "Simulating the crack propagation mechanism of pre-cracked concrete specimens under shear loading conditions", Strength Mater., 47, 618-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11223-015-9698-z.
  25. Haeri, H. and Marji, M.F. (2016), "Simulating the crack propagation and cracks coalescence underneath TBM disc cutters", Arab. J. Geosci., 9(2), 124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2137-4.
  26. Haeri, H., Shahriar, K. and Marji, M.F. (2013), "Simulating the bluntness of TBM disc cutters in rocks using displacement discontinuity method", 3th International Conference on Fracture, Beijing, June.
  27. Hu, B., Zhang, N., Wang, S.J. and Chen, J.S. (2011), "Model test and strength analysis research on intermittent crack rock mass", Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng., 7(4), 657-665.
  28. Innaurato, N., Oggeri, C., Oreste, P.P. and Vinai, R. (2011), "Laboratory tests to study the influence of rock stress confinement on the performances of TBM discs in tunnels", J. Miner., Metal. Mater., 18(3), 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-011-0431-z.
  29. Iskander, M. and Shrive, N. (2021), "On the fracture of brittle and quasi-brittle materials subject to uniaxial compression and the interaction of voids on cracking", Constr. Build. Mater., 290, 123217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123217.
  30. Jeong, H.Y. (2013), "A numerical study on rock cutting by a TBM disc cutter using SPH code", J. Korean Tunnel. Undergr. Space Assoc., 15(3). 345-356. https://doi.org/10.9711/KTAJ.2013.15.3.345.
  31. Lee, S.J. and Choi, S.O. (2009), "Numerical analysis on fragmentation mechanism by indentation of disc cutter in a rock specimen with a single crack", Tunnel. Undergr. Space Technol., 19(5), 440-449.
  32. Lee, S.J. and Choi, S.O. (2011), "Numerical analysis on cutting power of disc cutter with crack distribution patterns", J. Korean Soc. Rock Mech., Tunnel Undergr. Space, 21(3), 151-163.
  33. Li, Y. and Zhou, H. (2018), "Numerical investigations on stability evaluation of a cracked rock slope during excavation using an optimized DDARF method", Geomech. Eng., 14(3), 271-281. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.14.3.271.
  34. Liu, X. (2020), "Experimental and numerical study on pre-peak cyclic shear mechanism of artificial rock joints", Struct. Eng. Mech., 74(3), 221-234. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2020.74.3.221.
  35. Marji, M.F. (1997), "Modelling of cracks in rock fragmentation with a higher order Displacement discontinuity method", PhD Thesis in Mining Engineering (Rock Mechanics), METU, Ankara, Turkey.
  36. Marji, M.F. (2015), "Simulation of crack coalescence mechanism underneath single and double disc cutters by higher order displacement discontinuity method", J. Central South Univ., 22(3), 1045-1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-2615-6.
  37. Marji, M.F., Hosseini-nasab, H. and Hosseinmorshedy, A. (2009), "Numerical modeling of the mechanism of crack propagation in rocks under TBM disc cutters", J. Mech. Mater. Struct., 2, 439-457. https://doi.org/10.2140/jomms.2009.4.605.
  38. Mohammad, A. (2016), "Statistical flexural toughness modeling of ultra-high performance Concrete using response surface method", Comput. Concrete, 17(4), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.4.033.
  39. Potyondy, D. and Cundall, P. (2004), "A bonded-particle model for rock", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 41, 1329-1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.011.
  40. Roxborough, F.F. and Phillips, H.R. (1975) "Rock excavation by disc cutter", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 12(12), 361-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(75)90547-1.
  41. Sanio, H.P. (1985), "Prediction of the performance of disc cutters in anisotropic rock", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 22(3), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(85)93229-2.
  42. Sarfarazi, V., Haeri, H., Shemirani, A.B. and Zhu, Z. (2017), "Shear behavior of non-persistent joint under high normal load", Strength Mater., 49(2), 320-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11223-017-9872-6
  43. Shaowei, H., Aiqing, X., Xin, H. and Yangyang, Y. (2016), "Study on fracture characteristics of reinforced concrete wedge splitting tests", Comput. Concrete, 18(3), 337-354. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.18.3.337.
  44. Shuraim, A.B., Aslam, F., Hussain, R. and Alhozaimy, A. (2016), "Analysis of punching shear in high strength RC panelsexperiments, comparison with codes and FEM results", Comput. Concrete, 17(6), 739-760. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.6.739.
  45. Silva, R.V., Brito, J. and Dhir, R.K. (2015), "Tensil strength behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 83, 108-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.034.
  46. Sun, J.S. (2011), "Numerical simulation of influence factors for rock fragmentation by TBM cutters", Rock Soil Mech., 32(6), 1891-1897.
  47. Szostak, B. (2020), "Improvement of strength parameters of cement matrix with the addition of siliceous fly ash by using nanometric C-S-H seeds", Energi., 13(24), 6734. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246734.
  48. Szostak, B. (2021), "Rheology of cement pastes with siliceous fly ash and the csh nano-admixture", Mater., 14(13), 3640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133640.
  49. Szostak. B. (2018), "Effect of nano admixture of CSH on selected strength parameters of concrete including fly ash", IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 416(1), 012105. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/416/1/012105
  50. Tumac, D. and Balci, C. (2015), "Investigations into the cutting characteristics of CCS type disc cutters and the comparison between experimental, theoretical and empirical force estimations", Tunnel. Undergr. Space Technol., 45, 84-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.09.009.
  51. Tuncdemir, H., Bilgin, N., Copur, H. and Balci, C. (2008), "Control of rock cutting efficiency by muck size", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 45, 278-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.04.010.
  52. Wang, L. and Zhou, X.P. (2021), "A field-enriched finite element method for simulating the failure process of rocks with different defects", Comput. Struct., 250, 106539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2021.106539.
  53. Wang, X. and Yuan, W. (2020), "Scale effect of mechanical properties of jointed rock mass: A numerical study based on particle flow code", Geomech. Eng., 21(3), 259-268. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.21.3.259.
  54. Wang, Y. and Zhou, X.P. (2016), "Numerical simulation of propagation and coalescence of flaws in rock materials under compressive loads using the extended non-ordinary state-based peridynamics", Eng. Fract. Mech., 163, 248-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.06.013.
  55. Wang, Y. and Zhou, X.P. (2018), "A 3-D conjugated bond-pairbased peridynamic formulation for initiation and propagation of cracks in brittle solids", Int. J. Solid. Struct., 134, 89-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.10.022.
  56. Wu N., Liang Z. (2019), "Effect of confining stress on representative elementary volume of jointed rock masses", Geomech. Eng., 18(6), 22-37. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.18.6.022.
  57. Xiao, N., Zhou, X. and Gong, Q. (2017), "The modelling of rock breakage process by TBM rolling cutters using 3D FEM-SPH coupled method", Tunnel. Undergr. Space Technol., 61, 90-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.10.004.
  58. Yang, H., Wang, H. and Zhou, X. (2015), "Analysis on the rockcutter interaction mechanism during the TBM tunneling process", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 49, 1073-1090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0796-9.
  59. Yang, K., Xia, Y.M. and Wu, Y. (2014), "Studies on rockbreaking of positive disc cutter and edge disc cutter", Appl. Mech. Mater., 508, 159-164. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.508.159.
  60. Yaylac, M. (2016), "The investigation crack problem through numerical analysis", Struct. Eng. Mech., 57(6), 1143-1156. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.57.6.1143.
  61. Yaylaci, M. and Birinci, A. (2015), "Analytical solution of a contact problem and comparison with the results from FEM", Struct. Eng. Mech., 54(4), 607-622. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2015.54.4.607.
  62. Yaylaci, M., Adiyaman, G., Oner, E. and Birinci, A. (2020), "Examination of analytical and finite element solutions regarding contact of a functionally graded layer", Struct. Eng. Mech., 76(3), 325-336. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2020.76.3.325.
  63. Zhang, Z., Meng, L. and Sun, F. (2014), "Wear analysis of disc cutters of full face rock tunnel boring machine", Chin. J. Mech. Eng., 27, 1294-1300. https://doi.org/10.3901/CJME.2014.0905.145
  64. Zhao, W. and Huang, R. (2015), "Mechanical and fracture behavior of rock mass with parallel concentrated joints with different dip angle and number based on PFC simulation", Geomech. Eng., 8(6), 143-154. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.6.143.
  65. Zhao, Y., Zhong, X. and Foong, L.K. (2021), "Predicting the splitting tensile strength of concrete using an equilibrium optimization model", Steel Compos. Struct., 39(1), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2021.39.1.081.
  66. Zhou, X.P. (2021), "Field-enriched finite element method for brittle fracture in rocks subjected to mixed mode loading", Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem., 129, 105-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2021.04.023.
  67. Zhou, X.P. and Wang, Y. (2016), "Numerical simulation of crack propagation and coalescence in pre-cracked rock-like Brazilian disks using the non-ordinary state-based peridynamics", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 89, 235-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.09.010.
  68. Zhou, X.P. and Yang, H.Q. (2012), "Multiscale numerical modeling of propagation and coalescence of multiple cracks in rock masses", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 55, 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.06.001.
  69. Zhou, X.P., Bi, J. and Qian, Q. (2015), "Numerical simulation of crack growth and coalescence in rock-like materials containing multiple pre-existing flaws", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 48(3), 1097-1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0627-4.
  70. Zhou, X.P., Cheng, H. and Feng, Y.F. (2013), "An experimental study of crack coalescence behaviour in rock-like materials containing multiple flaws under uniaxial compression", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 47(6), 1961-1986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0511-7.
  71. Zhou, X.P., Zhang, Y.X., Ha, Q.L. and Zhu, K.S. (2008), "Micromechanical modelling of the complete stress-strain relationship for crack weakened rock subjected to compressive loading", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 41(5), 747-769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-007-0130-2.
  72. Zou, G.P., Xia, P.X., Shen, X.H. and Wang, P. (2016), "Investigation on the failure mechanism of steel-concrete steel composite beam", Steel Compos. Struct., 20(6), 1183-1191. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.6.1183.