Advances in environmental research

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Effects of heavy metal lead on differential cell counts in occupationally-exposed subjects from Saudi Arabia

  • Abjal P. Shaik (Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University) ;
  • Abbas H. Alsaeed (Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University) ;
  • Asma S. Shaik (Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University) ;
  • Abdullah A. Alyousef (Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University) ;
  • Vamsee K. Bammidi (The Unicare Group) ;
  • Kiranmaye Sampathirao (Alrewas Surgery)
  • Received : 2021.01.06
  • Accepted : 2021.09.24
  • Published : 2022.03.25
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Abstract

The current observational epidemiological study analyzed blood lead levels (BLLs) in occupationally exposed workers from Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia and correlated them with the alterations in the differential cell populations of the WBC panel (lymphocytes [Lym %], mixed [Mid %] cells, and neutrophils [Neu %]). In addition, we examined the effect of confounding factors and their relation to BLLs. BLLs were estimated using the LeadCare II analyzer and hematological parameters using the ADVIA 120 analyser. An inferential analysis was conducted to detect association between the observations and the subjects' clinical characateristics. A total of 132 male subjects were included in the final analyses. Based on CDC guidelines, the subjects were categorized as Group I (BLL <10 ㎍/dL; n=118) or Group II (BLL >10 ㎍/dL; n=14) with average BLLs of 4.4 ㎍/dL and 18.1 ㎍/dL, respectively (p <0.0001). The percentages of Mid cells (p <0.0001) and neutrophils (p=0.048), were significantly altered in subjects with High BLL. A regression analysis indicated that subjects > 50 years of age had significantly higher BLLs (53.2 ㎍/dL) than younger age sub-groups (p <0.0001). Age, education, and profession were significant predictors for lead toxicity. Pb exposure is a major public health issue in Saudi Arabia and calls for further investigations on the cellular and molecular effects on hematological system.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

We thank all the volunteers who participated in this study. We thank the Investigator Support Unit, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia for statistical support. All authors contributed to the project, study design, methodology, data collection, data analyses, interpretation, and writing the manuscript.

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